The turtle is a poikilothermic animal, meaning its body temperature fluctuates with the surrounding environment. As a result, turtles are highly sensitive to changes in ambient temperature. Their feeding habits, activity levels, and overall health are all influenced by temperature. Since turtles generate very little internal heat through metabolism, they lack the ability to regulate their own body temperature effectively. To compensate, they rely on basking in warm areas or seeking cooler spots throughout the day to maintain an optimal body temperature.
For captive turtles, it's crucial that the artificial environment mimics their natural habitat as closely as possible. Tropical species typically thrive between 27°C and 38°C, while temperate turtles prefer temperatures ranging from 20°C to 35°C. Semi-aquatic turtles usually require lower temperatures. Some species can be harmed or even die if exposed to temperatures above their ideal range, which may be around 5°C higher than their optimal level. When the temperature drops, turtles become inactive and enter a state of dormancy, often referred to as "padding."
To ensure successful breeding in captivity, the temperature should be carefully controlled—neither too high nor too low. At around 10°C, turtles begin hibernation, and when the temperature rises to about 15°C, they start moving and some may even begin eating. A temperature of 25°C is generally considered ideal for normal feeding and activity. The best temperature for growth, activity, and feeding is around 30°C. In regions like the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, turtles are most active from April to October, while they hibernate from November until March of the following year.
Turtles can be classified based on their habitat into five main types: terrestrial, aquatic, semi-aquatic, marine, and benthic. Each type has adapted physical features suited to their environment. For example, aquatic turtles have webbed feet similar to ducks, allowing them to swim efficiently, while land turtles have strong, thick limbs for walking on dry ground. Sea turtles have flippers and specialized salt glands to help expel excess salt from their bodies.
In terms of diet, turtles can be categorized as carnivorous, herbivorous, or omnivorous. Aquatic turtles, such as red-eared sliders, are usually omnivores, eating both plants and small animals. Semi-aquatic turtles tend to be more carnivorous, while some land turtles, like the Burmese star tortoise, are primarily herbivorous. Many turtles have a remarkable ability to survive without food or water for extended periods, sometimes even several years.
All turtles are oviparous, laying eggs. The breeding season typically occurs between May and October, except in constant-temperature farming systems. Turtles lay their eggs on land, and the number of eggs varies by species. Freshwater turtles usually lay 2 to 5 white, hard-shelled eggs each time. Egg shapes also differ among species, with some being long and oval, and others round. Turtle eggs are usually laid in moist, warm environments, and they hatch naturally under sunlight, heat, and rain. Turtles do not guard their eggs.
Water is essential for semi-aquatic turtles, who need enough space to swim, feed, and interact with others. The salinity and pH of the water should match their natural habitat. Aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles excrete urea as a waste product, which leads to significant water loss. Turtles in dry environments lose moisture through their skin, but they can also absorb water through it. Many turtles drink directly from water sources, and misting the enclosure helps them stay hydrated.
Humidity in the turtle’s enclosure should reflect their natural environment. Too much humidity (around 70%) can promote bacterial and fungal growth, leading to infections. Light cycles are also important. Domestic turtles benefit from regular light exposure that mimics their natural day-night cycle. In temperate zones, daylight ranges from 8 hours in winter to 16 in summer, while in tropical areas, it varies between 10 and 14 hours. Seasonal light changes support reproduction in captivity.
Full-spectrum lighting, including UV light, is recommended to improve feeding and reproductive behaviors. Incandescent bulbs can provide warmth but should be placed away from direct contact to avoid burns. Heat lamps can be used to warm specific areas, but they must be installed at least 35 cm above the floor for safety.
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