The turtle is a poikilothermic animal, meaning its body temperature fluctuates with the environment. This makes it highly sensitive to changes in ambient temperature. Its feeding behavior, activity levels, and overall health are all influenced by the surrounding temperature. Since turtles cannot generate enough internal heat to maintain a stable body temperature, they rely on external sources to regulate their thermal state. They often move between cooler or warmer areas throughout the day to maintain an optimal body temperature.
For turtles kept in captivity, it's crucial that the environment mimics their natural habitat. Tropical species typically thrive in temperatures between 27°C and 38°C, while temperate turtles prefer 20°C to 35°C. Semi-aquatic turtles require lower temperatures. Some species can be harmed if exposed to temperatures above their ideal range, with certain turtles dying at around 5°C above their upper limit. When the temperature drops below 10°C, turtles enter hibernation. As the temperature rises to about 15°C, they begin to become active, and some even start eating. At 25°C, turtles usually return to normal feeding and activity levels. The most favorable temperature for feeding, movement, and growth is around 30°C. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, turtles are most active from April to October, while they hibernate from November to March of the following year.
Turtles can be classified based on their habitat into five main types: terrestrial turtles, aquatic turtles, semi-aquatic turtles, marine turtles, and benthic turtles. Each type has physical adaptations suited to their environment. For example, aquatic turtles have webbed feet like ducks to help them swim efficiently, while land turtles have thick, sturdy limbs for walking on dry ground. Sea turtles have paddle-like limbs and specialized salt glands to expel excess salt from their bodies.
In terms of diet, turtles can be categorized as carnivorous, herbivorous, or omnivorous. Aquatic turtles such as red-eared sliders are typically omnivores, while semi-aquatic species like the Chinese three-keeled box turtle are more carnivorous. Land turtles, such as the Burmese star tortoise, are mostly herbivorous. Some turtles can survive without food for several years, showing remarkable resilience.
All turtles are oviparous, laying eggs during breeding seasons that usually occur between May and October (except in constant-temperature farming). Eggs are laid on land and vary in number depending on the species. Freshwater turtles typically lay 2 to 5 eggs per clutch, which are white and have hard calcium shells. Egg shapes differ among species, with some being oval and others spherical. Turtle eggs are usually laid in warm, moist environments and hatch naturally through sunlight, heat, and rain. Turtles do not guard their eggs.
Water is essential for semi-aquatic turtles, who spend much of their time in water for feeding, socializing, and breeding. Water salinity should match the turtle’s natural habitat, and pH levels should be adjusted accordingly. Aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles excrete urea as a waste product, leading to significant water loss. Turtles in dry environments lose moisture through their skin, but they can also absorb water through it. Many turtles drink directly from water sources, and misting helps them stay hydrated.
Humidity in the turtle enclosure should reflect their natural environment. Too high humidity (above 70%) can promote bacterial and fungal growth, increasing the risk of infections. Light cycles are also important. Domestic turtles need regular exposure to light that mimics their natural day-night cycle. In temperate regions, daylight ranges from 8 hours in winter to 16 in summer, while in tropical areas, it varies between 10 and 14 hours. Seasonal light changes support breeding under captive conditions. Full-spectrum lighting, including UV light, is recommended to improve feeding and reproduction. Incandescent bulbs can provide warmth but should not be placed too close to the turtles. Heat lamps can be used safely if positioned at least 35 cm above the floor.
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