Eggplant cultivation requires careful attention to every stage, from seedling development to fruiting. A successful harvest starts with strong, healthy seedlings. The ideal seedlings should have 8–9 true leaves, a height of no more than 20 cm, dark green and thick leaves, short internodes, well-developed roots, and about 80% of the buds should be open. To achieve this, it's essential to prepare a nutrient-rich seedbed soil that supports early flowering, high yield, and quality.
For seedbed preparation, a mix of organic materials is recommended. One option is to use 50% mature soil (not previously used for eggplants), 40% decomposed horse manure, and 10% decomposed human or chicken manure. Alternatively, a mix of 60% fertile garden soil and 40% decomposed organic fertilizer can be used, with added N, P, and K fertilizers per cubic meter. It's also important to disinfect the seedbed to prevent disease. Solutions like 0.1% formaldehyde or potassium permanganate can be used to treat containers and tools before planting.
Seedlings need proper temperature control. Nighttime soil temperatures should not drop below 17–18°C to avoid root issues and diseases. During the day, temperatures should stay between 25–30°C, and ventilation is necessary to prevent overheating. In cold weather, light and limited ventilation are still important to maintain plant health.
Once seedlings are ready, heavy base fertilizer is crucial for high yields. Organic manures such as chicken, horse, cow, and pig dung should be applied at 75,000–125,000 kg/ha, along with balanced NPK fertilizers. The planting layout should be carefully planned, with 52,500–60,000 plants per hectare, using a triangular arrangement for optimal space utilization.
After transplanting, regular management of temperature, light, pruning, and watering is key. Seedlings should be kept warm initially, then gradually acclimated to cooler conditions. Proper lighting is essential, especially in greenhouses where natural light may be insufficient. Shade nets can help regulate temperature and prevent wilting.
Pruning is also important. Removing old or diseased leaves improves air circulation and reduces disease risk. When the first fruits appear, topping the plant helps balance growth and fruit development.
Fertilization should be timely and well-managed. The first top dressing, after the initial growth phase, should focus on promoting fruit set. This is followed by additional applications during peak fruit development, ensuring the plant receives enough nutrients without over-stimulating vegetative growth. Foliar sprays with micronutrients like calcium, magnesium, boron, and zinc can enhance fruit quality.
In later stages, regular top dressings with organic and inorganic fertilizers help maintain steady growth. Carbon dioxide enrichment and foliar sprays with potassium dihydrogen phosphate or magnesium sulfate can further boost productivity. These practices ensure that eggplants receive consistent nutrition throughout their growing cycle, leading to higher yields and better quality produce.
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