Fertilization principles are essential for ensuring healthy crop growth and maximizing yield. The first principle is balanced fertilization, which involves determining the right amount and method of fertilizer based on the specific nutrient needs of the crop, the existing nutrient levels in the soil, and the effectiveness of the fertilizer. This approach combines organic and inorganic fertilizers, as well as basic and top-dressing applications, to achieve a balanced nutrient supply.
Secondly, it's crucial to use only safe and properly treated organic fertilizers. These must be fully decomposed, fermented, and detoxified to eliminate harmful pathogens, eggs, and weed seeds. Industrial waste, urban garbage, and untreated farmyard manure should not be used due to their potential risks to both crops and the environment.
Thirdly, when selecting fertilizers, they should meet the quality standards (NY/T394) and ideally include organic-inorganic compound fertilizers or specialized formulations tailored for specific crops. This ensures better nutrient efficiency and environmental sustainability.
In rice cultivation, standardized fertilization techniques are vital. Fertilizer application should follow a structured schedule: basal fertilizer at planting, early recovery during seedling stage, careful use during growth, and additional grain fertilizer at the later stages. Nitrogen-based fertilization is typically the main focus, with phosphorus and potassium adjusted accordingly, usually in a ratio of 1:0.5:0.3–0.5.
For seedbed preparation, each square meter of bed soil should receive 10–15 kg of high-quality compost and 0.125 kg of nutrient-rich material, mixed thoroughly to a depth of about 10 cm with a pH between 4.5 and 5.5. During the seedling stage, applying ammonium sulfate and zinc sulfate helps support early growth, while foliar sprays can provide quick nutrient absorption.
When transplanting, it's recommended to apply 30 tons of mature organic manure per hectare, combined with proper irrigation. Diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate should also be applied during soil preparation. Top dressing should follow key growth stages: tillering, jointing, and heading. Each phase requires different nutrient inputs to ensure strong plant development and higher yields.
Additionally, if zinc deficiency is suspected, foliar sprays with zinc sulfate can be used during the tillering stage. Using silicon- or selenium-containing liquid fertilizers can improve disease resistance, enhance flavor, and boost the overall market value of the rice. During the panicle filling stage, spraying with potassium dihydrogen phosphate helps maintain leaf health, accelerate grain filling, and prevent cold damage.
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