Fertilization principles play a vital role in ensuring the healthy growth of crops and maximizing yield. The first principle is balanced fertilization, which is based on understanding the specific nutrient needs of each crop, the existing nutrient levels in the soil, and the effectiveness of different fertilizers. This approach involves combining organic and inorganic fertilizers, as well as using both base fertilizer and top dressing to achieve a well-balanced nutrient supply.
Secondly, when using organic fertilizers, it's essential to ensure they are properly decomposed, fermented, and detoxified to eliminate harmful pathogens, eggs, and weed seeds. It is strictly prohibited to use industrial waste, urban garbage, or sludge that hasn't met safety standards. Only farmyard manure that has passed the required treatment can be used safely.
Thirdly, the selection of fertilizers should follow the quality standards set by NY/T394. It's recommended to use organic-inorganic compound fertilizers and specialized fertilizers tailored for specific crops to optimize performance and efficiency.
In rice cultivation, standardized fertilizer techniques are crucial. Fertilizer application should focus on basal dressing, early recovery, strategic top-dressing, and grain filling. The amount of nitrogen-based fertilizer is usually the main reference, with phosphorus and potassium determined based on the ratio of N:P:K (typically 1:0.5:0.3–0.5). Urea is commonly applied at 225–300 kg per hectare.
For seedbed preparation, about 10–15 kg of high-quality compost per square meter is added, along with 0.125 kg of plant nutrient mix. The bed soil is mixed thoroughly, with a thickness of around 10 cm and a pH between 4.5 and 5.5.
During the seedling stage, ammonium sulfate (1.5–2 g/m²), zinc sulfate (0.25 g/m²), and a diluted foliar spray are applied. After spraying, leaves should be rinsed promptly. Six days before transplanting, diammonium phosphate (150 g/m²) is sprayed, followed by a rinse to prevent leaf burn.
When applying base fertilizer, it’s best to combine mature organic manure (30 tons/ha) with water management practices. Additionally, 112.5–150 kg of diammonium phosphate and 75 kg of potassium sulfate are applied during full-layer water preparation.
Top dressing should follow the principles of promoting tillering, panicle development, and grain filling. After transplanting, 50–75 kg of urea per hectare is applied to support tiller growth. At the jointing stage, another 50–75 kg of urea and 50–75 kg of potassium sulfate are used to improve seed setting and increase grain weight.
Before heading, 15–22.5 kg of urea per hectare is applied to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. If zinc deficiency is suspected, foliar sprays of 50–100 g zinc sulfate in a 0.2% solution can be used during the tillering stage. Using silicon- or selenium-containing liquid fertilizers can also enhance disease resistance and improve grain quality.
During the grain-filling stage, applying 0.2–0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate helps prolong the life of functional leaves, accelerate grain filling, and reduce empty grains, ultimately improving yield and quality.
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