The next step in the protection, utilization, and development of biological resources is to convert population and germplasm resources into biological information resources—specifically, DNA sequence data. Deciphering the genetic code of "Super Rice" is a crucial effort aimed at building a solid foundation for boosting rice yields, improving quality, and maintaining China's global leadership in hybrid rice production.
To further increase rice production, we need a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the structure and internal organization of the rice genome. Modern molecular biology techniques, based on genetic maps, are being used to decode the rice genome. This approach enables the improvement of single yield and stable output, which is essential for ensuring food security.
The "Work Frame Map" of the Chinese rice genome was developed using the typical indica restorer line "9311," a key component of Super Hybrid Rice created by Academician Yuan Longping. The study, initiated in May 2000, focused on the rice genome "work frame map" and database. The first phase has been completed, with the "fine map" expected to be finished soon. Thanks to the efforts of scientists, the Super Rice Genome Project is advancing rapidly. So far, the genome sequencing coverage and gene coverage rate have exceeded 95%, covering all 12 chromosomes of the rice genome, with 90% of the regions achieving an accuracy rate of 99%, fully meeting the "work frame" requirements. This achievement was independently completed by Chinese scientists and holds great significance, marking China as the second country after the United States capable of independently completing large-scale genome sequencing and analysis.
The rice genome is the largest plant genome sequenced to date, roughly one-seventh the size of the human genome. As a representative of grass crops, studying the entire rice genome will promote research and application in other major crops like corn and wheat, laying the groundwork for genetic improvements in crops. The impact of this research on agriculture is comparable to that of the Human Genome Project on human health.
Rice gene research primarily involves genome sequencing and functional genomics. The goal of genome sequencing is to understand what the genome is, while functional genomics aims to uncover what the genome does and how it functions.
By applying functional genomics theories and methods, researchers can reveal the molecular mechanisms behind important traits in crops, paving the way for genetic improvements at the genome level. For example, the "Rice 973 Project" systematically isolates genes related to tiller formation, panicle type, plant architecture, growth period, fertility, and metabolic regulation through genetics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics. By analyzing gene expression profiles and conducting functional studies, researchers identify genes that influence key agronomic traits such as yield and quality.
Comparative studies between *indica* and *japonica* rice show that the main differences lie in transposons, retrotransposons, and other insertions, such as microinverted repeat elements (MITEs). These differences contribute to variations in genome size and partial gene disruptions. Beyond these, the sequence differences between the two subspecies are less than 2% in most regions, leading to minor changes in some genes.
So far, over 3,000 independent Ds and T-DNA transformation lines have been obtained in China, with 220 adjacent Ds-introduced sequences identified. Of these, 60 are located on different chromosomes, providing a basis for large-scale rice insertion mutation studies. Tissue-organ-specific cDNA libraries from 10 rice varieties (mainly *japonica*) at various developmental stages have been completed. More than 10,000 *indica* rice Uni-ESTs have been sequenced, classified, and identified. Rice cDNA arrays and microarrays, along with PCR-based high-throughput gene analysis systems, have enabled the discovery of many genes involved in growth, hormone responses, and environmental adaptation. High-efficiency gene cloning and polygene systems based on transformable artificial chromosomes (TACs) have also been established. Physical maps of the male sterility restorer genes Rf3 and Rf4, as well as the *japonica* hybrid sterility gene Sc, have been constructed. Several key agronomic trait genes, including st1, fp1, Annon S, Pei'ai 64, and sd-g, have been fine-mapped, and candidate BAC and TAC clones have been identified, contributing to the establishment of a comprehensive rice genetic database.
Deciphering the genetic code of super rice will not only enhance our understanding of the genomes of other economically important crops like wheat and corn but also stimulate both basic and applied research across the entire food crop sector.
Ginger Flakes
Dried ginger flakes are a versatile spice made from the drying and cutting of ginger root into small, irregular pieces. These flakes offer a convenient way to incorporate the distinct flavor of ginger into various culinary creations.
Ginger, along with onion and garlic, is one of the three most commonly used cooking seasonings. With them as a seasoning not only can make the dishes add flavour and aroma, and their unique spicy taste can stimulate people's appetite, increase their appetite. In addition, scientists have found that ginger also has the role of health care and healing. Ginger contains ingredients that can effectively treat gastrointestinal diseases, colds and flu, rheumatic pain and nausea and vomiting and other diseases, and enhance the body's immune system. That's why people have long been interested in ginger not only for cooking, but also for their health.
Retaining the essence of ginger's taste profile, dried ginger flakes provide a milder and slightly different taste compared to fresh ginger. They are prized for their ease of use and can be added directly to dishes without rehydration.
Their application spans across cuisines: from enhancing the flavor of soups, stews, and marinades to infusing a gentle warmth into teas or homemade spice blends. Dried ginger flakes effortlessly deliver the characteristic zing and aroma associated with ginger, making them a go-to ingredient for those seeking convenience without compromising on flavor.
Ginger Flakes, Ginger Slices, Yellow Ginger flakes
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