One of the key steps in protecting, utilizing, and developing biological resources is converting population and germplasm resources into biological information resources, particularly DNA sequence data. Deciphering the genetic code of "Super Rice" aims to establish a solid foundation for increasing rice yields, improving quality, and maintaining China's leading position in hybrid rice production globally.
To further boost rice production, it is essential to gain a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the structure and genetic organization of rice. Modern molecular biology techniques, based on genetic maps, will be used to analyze rice genome sequences. Through genetic improvement, both single yield and stable yield can be enhanced, which serves as a fundamental approach to ensuring food security.
The "Work Frame Map" of the Chinese rice genome was developed using the typical indica restorer line "9311," a super hybrid rice variety created by Academician Yuan Longping. This study was conducted on the rice genome "work frame map" and database in May 2000. The first phase of the project has been completed, with the next step being the release of its "fine map." With the continuous efforts of scientists, the Super Rice Genome Project is progressing rapidly. To date, the genome sequencing coverage and gene coverage rate have exceeded 95%, covering all 12 chromosomes of the rice genome. Additionally, 90% of the regions have an accuracy rate of 99%, fully meeting the standards of the "work frame." This achievement was independently completed by Chinese scientists and holds great significance. It marks that China has become the second country, after the United States, capable of independently completing large-scale genome sequencing and analysis.
The rice genome is the largest among plant genomes sequenced so far, roughly one-seventh the size of the human genome. As a representative of grass crops, studying the entire rice genome will promote research and application development in other important crops like corn and wheat, laying the groundwork for crop genetic improvement. The importance of this research in agriculture is comparable to that of the Human Genome Project in human health.
Rice gene research mainly includes genome sequencing and functional genomics. The goal of genome sequencing is to understand what the genome is, while functional genomics focuses on understanding what the genome does and how it functions.
By applying functional genomics theories and methods, we can uncover the molecular mechanisms behind the genetic control of important traits in crops, paving the way for genome-level improvements. For instance, the "Rice 973 Project" systematically isolates genes related to tiller formation, panicle type, plant architecture, growth period, fertility, fertilization, endosperm development, and metabolic regulation through genetics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics. By establishing and comparing expression profiles and analyzing the functions of related genes, researchers identify those affecting key agronomic traits such as yield and quality.
When comparing the genomes of indica and japonica rice, differences are mainly found in transposons, retrotransposons, and other insertions (such as microinverted repeat MITEs). These differences contribute to variations in genome size—existing data show that the japonica genome is smaller than the indica one—and also lead to partial gene disruptions. Apart from these, the sequence differences between the two subspecies in other chromosome regions are less than 2%, causing minor changes in some genes.
To date, over 3,000 Ds and T-DNA independent transformation lines have been obtained in China, with 220 adjacent Ds-introduced sequences identified. Of these, 60 are located at different sites on various chromosomes, providing a foundation for large-scale production of rice insertion mutants. The project has also completed tissue-organ-specific cDNA libraries for 10 rice varieties (mainly japonica) at different developmental stages. Preliminary work on sequencing, classifying, and identifying more than 10,000 indica rice Uni-ESTs has been completed. Additionally, rice cDNA arrays and microarrays (DNA chips), along with PCR-based high-throughput gene analysis systems, have enabled the identification of numerous genes involved in growth, development, hormonal responses, and environmental adaptation. High-efficiency gene cloning and polygene systems based on transformable artificial chromosomes (TACs) have been established, including physical maps of male sterility restorer genes Rf3 and Rf4, and the japonica hybrid sterility gene Sc. Several key agronomic trait genes, such as st1, fp1, Annon S, Pei'ai 64, and sd-g, have been finely mapped, and candidate BAC and TAC clones have been identified, contributing to the establishment of a comprehensive rice genetic database.
Deciphering the genetic code of super rice will help us better understand the genes involved in other economically important crops like wheat and corn, thereby promoting both basic and applied research in whole-food crop development.
Dried ginger flakes are a versatile spice made from the drying and cutting of ginger root into small, irregular pieces. These flakes offer a convenient way to incorporate the distinct flavor of ginger into various culinary creations.
Ginger, along with onion and garlic, is one of the three most commonly used cooking seasonings. With them as a seasoning not only can make the dishes add flavour and aroma, and their unique spicy taste can stimulate people's appetite, increase their appetite. In addition, scientists have found that ginger also has the role of health care and healing. Ginger contains ingredients that can effectively treat gastrointestinal diseases, colds and flu, rheumatic pain and nausea and vomiting and other diseases, and enhance the body's immune system. That's why people have long been interested in ginger not only for cooking, but also for their health.
Retaining the essence of ginger's taste profile, dried ginger flakes provide a milder and slightly different taste compared to fresh ginger. They are prized for their ease of use and can be added directly to dishes without rehydration.
Their application spans across cuisines: from enhancing the flavor of soups, stews, and marinades to infusing a gentle warmth into teas or homemade spice blends. Dried ginger flakes effortlessly deliver the characteristic zing and aroma associated with ginger, making them a go-to ingredient for those seeking convenience without compromising on flavor.
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