Cultivation procedures: selecting trees, cutting trees, cutting sections, punching holes, inoculating the fungus, controlling mushrooming, harvesting and other processes.
I. Preparation of mushrooms
1. Mushroom selection: There are many kinds of trees suitable for the growth and development of shiitake mushrooms. They include banyan tree, banyan tree, banyan tree, birch tree, juglans mandshurica, Qianjin wolfberry and raw alder. The trees used for the production of shiitake mushrooms are best suited for trees that are 15 to 30 years old. For trees below 10 years old, because of the thin bark and loose materials, although the mushroom is early, the mushroom is rotted easily, so the production period is short, and the resulting mushroom body is small and thin. The old tree is the opposite, although the mushroom is relatively late, but the mushroom has strong durability and can produce a lot of good quality mushrooms. However, older trees generally have larger trunk diameters and inconvenient management. Therefore, the diameter of the wood is preferably 5 to 20 cm.
2. Cut down the trees: Select the trees to cut them in time. The harvesting period should be selected in late autumn and winter. At this time, the nutrients in the tree are abundant, the sap flow is slow or stopped, and the bark is not easy to peel off. Because the trees do not immediately die after harvesting, they should not be vaccinated immediately. They should be placed on the spot for several days. After the tree loses some water, it can be shaved and transported to the mushroom farm. During felling and handling, the bark must be kept intact without falling off. Bark wood hyphae without bark are difficult to colonize, and it is difficult to form primordial and mushroom buds.
3, cut-off paragraph: shipped to the mushrooms field logs, to naturally dry for some time. The length of air-drying time should be based on the moisture content of different tree species. When the water content of the mushrooms is 35-45%, it is most suitable for the growth and development of mycelium. The water content can be judged according to the crack of the mushroom wood cross section. Generally, when the fine crack reaches 2/3 of the diameter of the mushroom wood, the water content suitable for inoculation is achieved. At this point, mushrooms can be cut into sections of about 1 meter. The length of the mushrooms must be the same to facilitate stacking and erection operations.
Second, the choice of mushroom farm
Mushroom farms should choose a place rich in mushroom resources, easy to transport management, ventilation, sunny, well-drained. Mushroom farms are best placed under sparse broad-leaved forests or artificial shady sheds, requiring four shades of six shades, where flowers refract sunlight. Excessive sunshine, mushroom wood easy to dry peeling, too shade is not conducive to mushroom growth. There must be streams and other sources of water near the mushroom farm for moisture management. Annual average relative humidity of about 70% is ideal. The soil quality of the mushroom farm is the best for sandy soils containing many gravels. This will allow the mushroom farm to be clean and the mushrooms will be less susceptible to disease and insects.
Third, inoculation
1. Inoculation time: It is advisable to vaccinate before and after spring “Qingmingâ€. During the season when the temperature is between 5 and 20°C, the harvest time can be combined with the harvest time of mushroom, different tree species, strain age, and production scale. The best time for inoculation is when the temperature is around 15°C. Although the low temperature of the bacteria is slow, there is less chance of contamination by the bacteria.
2. Inoculation method: There are two kinds of inoculation methods for the preparation of mushroom cultivars: woody smut species and cork serogroups.
(1) Kinds of inoculation with woody spores Before inoculation, drill with a drill or a punch to make holes on the mushrooms. The holes are 1.5 to 2 centimeters deep, 1.5 centimeters in diameter, and the spacing of inoculation holes is 6 to 7 centimeters. 10 cm, product-shaped arrangement. When inoculating, take a piece of sawdust, fill in the inoculation hole, and then cover the inoculation hole with a bark cover that has been prepared in advance and gently tap it with a hammer. The corncob can also be used for capping. The corncob is first hammered with a hammer, and one of the corncobs can be knocked in one by one with a hammer.
(2) Mussel Breeding Inoculation method This method is generally used round-shaped wood stopper bacteria species, there are cylindrical wood plug bacteria species, seedlings should be prepared according to the size of the inoculation hole. Before inoculation, first drill holes in the mushrooms, then insert a well-grown cork stopper into the holes and knock it out with a hammer.
Fourth, on the heap bacteria
Germ bacteria are also known as bacteria. The process of germination is to pile up the inoculated mushrooms in a certain format, so that the hyphae can be quickly colonized and spread to the mushroom in a suitable temperature and humidity conditions. When germs are produced, the method of stacking mushrooms should be selected according to local conditions.
There are generally the following methods:
1, well-shaped: suitable for flat terrain, high site humidity, mushroom wood water content is sufficient conditions. First of all, put a sleeper on the floor mat, and then the well-known mushroom will be piled into a small pile about 1 meter high in a well shape. The top and the periphery of the pile are covered with branches or thatch, and the sunscreen, heat preservation and moisture retention are applied.
2, horizontal type: mushrooms field humidity, ventilation and other conditions, can be used horizontally. When the pile is placed horizontally, sleepers are placed horizontally and stacked in the same direction on the sleepers. The height of the pile is about 1 meter. The upper surface or the positive surface is covered with thatch.
3, tile type: suitable for dry mushroom farm. First put a thicker cross-sleeper on the ground, diagonally lay 4 to 6 roots of mushrooms on the cross-tie, then place a cross-tie on the mushroom, and then lay 4 to 6 roots in a diagonal direction. And so on, ladders are placed one after the other.
In addition to the above three kinds of placement methods, there are archway type, standing wood type and triangle placement method, each mushroom farm can be flexibly selected according to the actual situation.
V. Fungus management
After the mushroom is piled up, it enters the phase of bacteria administration. The germination management mainly refers to how to take appropriate measures to control the environmental conditions of mushroom to promote mushrooming as soon as possible.
1. Shade temperature control: During the initial stage of stacking, the dome and surrounding areas should be covered with foliage or thatch. In the case of early germination and low temperatures, a plastic film can be placed on the concrete for heat preservation. If the temperature in the stack exceeds 20°C, the film should be removed. When the weather enters a high temperature period, it is best to change the shading of the pile face to cover the shade of a arbor, which will help reduce the temperature of the mushroom field.
2, spray water and humidity: In the hot season, the mushroom's water content correspondingly reduced, especially when the water content of mushrooms dried to 35% or less, when the cut surface appears connected cracks, be sure to pay water. The hot weather season should be selected to make up for the water in the morning and evening when the weather is cool. After replenishing the water, it is necessary to enhance ventilation in a timely manner, and should not be wet and stuffy. Otherwise, not only will there be a large number of miscellaneous insects and insect pests, but it will easily lead to black rot.
3, turn the heap: mushrooms in different locations, temperature and humidity conditions are inconsistent, the effect of bacteria will be different. In order to make mushroom mushrooms consistent must pay attention to turning. Turning is to change the position of the mushroom up, down, left, right, inside and outside. It is usually turned around once every 20 days. Diligent turning can enhance ventilation and prevent bacterial contamination. Do not damage the mushroom wood bark when turning.
Six, from the shelf mushroom
After two months of raising the bacteria, mushrooms have reached maturity. Smaller mushrooms have mushrooming conditions (rough mushrooms usually go through two summers before they can produce plenty of mushrooms). Mushrooms often produce strong mushroom odor or knob-like protrusions (mushroom buds). Fully mature mushrooms must be set up in time for management during fruiting. The method of herringbone adopts herringbone shape, and is divided into two “X†shapes by four wooden sections of 1.5m high, and then cross-tied into two “X†shapes. On the “x†shaped wooden frame, a long cross-wood is placed, and the cross-wood is 60 meters away from the ground. ~70 cm. Finally, adult characters of Mushroom wood are staggered on the crossbar. The herringbone mushrooms should be discharged from the north to the south so that they can be evenly distributed.
Before the mushroom stands, Mushroom should be treated with dipping water. The length of the soaking time should be such that the mushroom does not emit air bubbles in the soaking ground (usually 10 to 20 hours), indicating that the mushroom has absorbed enough water. Mushrooms should be handled lightly during soaking. Do not damage the bark and use clean, cold water when soaking. When immersed in water, it is also necessary to prevent the mushroom from floating, paving a raft above the mushroom and pressing a heavy object so that the mushroom is completely submerged in the water.
For mushroom farms that do not have equipment such as immersion pools, mushrooms can also be picked up by placing the mushrooms down on the ground to absorb surface moisture. When there is no rain and drought, a lot of water should be sprayed for several consecutive days until the primordium grows on the saplings and begins to differentiate. The method can also achieve the effect of stimulating mushrooms.
Seven, mushroom management
Technical measures during fruiting management should focus on the three aspects of “warm, wet, dip or showerâ€.
1, the temperature: hyphae robust development, reaching the physiological maturity of the mushroom wood, the dipping water after the reminder mushroom, after encountering a suitable temperature, a large number of mushrooms. Suitable for mushrooming temperature range of 10 ~ 25 °C. Within this range, the temperature difference of about 10 °C is conducive to the formation of fruit bodies. Larger temperature changes can temporarily accumulate mushroom wood nutrition, kink into fruit bodies, and then inflate into small mushroom camps under higher temperature conditions, and then make them in a relatively constant temperature suitable for fruit body growth. Lei normally develops the mushrooms that people need.
2. Humidity: The humidity of mushroom cultivation in the segment of wood includes two aspects, one is the moisture content of the mushroom, and the other is the humidity of the air. If the water content in the mushroom is less than 35% during the fruiting stage, no matter how ideal the mycelium develops, it will not produce mushrooms. In the first year, the moisture content of the mushroom is suitable for 40%-50%, and the moisture content of the mushroom in the second year is adjusted to 45%-55%. In the third year, the moisture content of the mushroom is similar to or slightly smaller than that of the mushroom. It is heavier than the weight of the wood in the new cutting. Mushroom's moisture content, mushrooming period than the mushroom-free period. The longer the mushroom age, the more water content is required to increase. In addition, when the primordium divides and develops into a mushroom bud, the relative humidity of the mushroom field should be maintained at about 85%. With the growth of fruiting bodies, the spatial humidity should drop to about 75%. When the fruiting body develops to 7-8 minutes of maturity, the spatial humidity can drop to a dry state.
3, soaking or pouring water Jingjing: There are two main methods of wood shock, the first kind of wood for flooding. When the mushroom is immersed in water, use a hammer to strike the two ends of the mushroom. After immersion in mushroom wood, its oxygen is relatively reduced, and excess moisture in the crevices of mushrooms can be spilled. This increases the amount of fresh oxygen, so that the broken mycelium can thrive and promote the bursting of the original primordium. The second type is water splashing wood. In a mushroom farm without water immersion equipment, it can be used to spur mushrooms with the method of dripping with water. You can also get the same effect by pouring a large amount of water and tapping once at both ends of the mushroom, or by tapping the mushrooms during the natural rain. When snow falls in the north in winter, mushrooms can be buried in the snow, and when the snow melts and saturates the mushrooms, the wood is shocked. The effect is also very good.
Eight, rejuvenation
When a batch of shiitake mushrooms are harvested or discontinued in one season, the nutrients and moisture in the mushroom mycelium near the base of the mushroom stalks or in many mushrooms are greatly reduced. In order for these mycelia to re-accumulate nutrients and water, they must be allowed to raise bacteria, and they must be rejuvenated and continue to grow good mushrooms. Living and cultivating bacteria can be divided into batches of bacteria and bacteria every other year.
Different batches of bacteria means that when a batch of shiitake mushrooms is harvested, they need to be maintained for a short time. During the rest period, the mushroom wood moisture must be slightly more dry, the ventilation volume is greater, and the temperature is increased as much as possible to create a good environmental condition for the rejuvenation of the mycelium.
The following year of raising bacteria means that when the mushroom production cycle is over, it enters the bacteria cultivation stage every other year. At this stage, the bacteria-holding period is longer, so the mushrooms are slightly air-dried and stacked at the mushroom farm in different stacking manners. In the management of mushroom wood ventilation and insulation to do, from the sun, prevent pests and diseases. When the fruiting period comes, it will be flooded, stand-ups and other mushroom management.
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