Aquaculture systems rely heavily on heterotrophic organisms, which depend entirely on external food sources for their growth and energy. While industrial aquaculture often depends on artificial feed, natural food remains the primary and essential source in many production systems. In hatchery operations, large-scale water farming, and when filter-feeding species are the main target, providing a consistent supply of high-quality natural bait is crucial. This ensures that aquatic organisms receive the necessary nutrients and energy, leading to better quality and higher yields.
Natural food sources in water include phytoplankton, aquatic plants, zooplankton, bacteria, and organic debris. Phytoplankton and higher aquatic plants are known as primary producers because they use sunlight for photosynthesis. Their productivity is referred to as primary production. Research has shown that nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium are essential for this process. In nutrient-rich waters, these elements promote rapid phytoplankton growth and reproduction. However, in nutrient-poor (or "lean") waters, even with ample sunlight, photosynthesis is limited.
The inorganic substances dissolved in water form the foundation for aquatic animal growth. These animals obtain their nutrients by consuming natural food sources. As a result, their development is closely linked to the availability of minerals in the water. Every year, a significant amount of aquatic life is harvested, removing key nutrients from the ecosystem. If these are not replenished, it can lead to imbalances, reduced productivity, and lower water quality over time. To maintain a healthy and productive environment, fertilization is used to add essential nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, enhancing phytoplankton growth and supporting the entire food web.
Fertilization plays a key role in aquaculture by promoting the growth of phytoplankton, which serves as a vital food source for various fish species. It also increases organic matter in the water, which can be directly consumed by aquatic animals. This process supports a more sustainable and efficient aquaculture system.
Here is a schematic representation of the fertilization process:
**Schematic diagram of fertilization (including material circulation and energy flow)**
- **A**: Organic debris from organic fertilizers
- **B**: Fish being harvested
- **C**: Nutrients removed when fish are sold
In summary, fertilization serves several important functions:
1. Encourages the growth of phytoplankton, providing a wide range of natural food for farmed fish and boosting overall production.
2. Increases organic matter in the water, offering direct nutrition to aquatic animals.
By maintaining a balanced nutrient cycle, aquaculture can achieve sustainable and productive outcomes.
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