Citrus fruits, including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, and other five major citrus categories, are typically harvested during the autumn and winter seasons. During this time, the temperature is relatively low, making it ideal for storage, transportation, and preservation. For instance, winter-harvested oranges are close to the optimal temperature for long-term storage, allowing natural cooling methods to be used for pre-cooling. However, in southern regions, the high humidity levels pose a significant challenge. This environment fosters various fruit diseases, with fungal infections like Penicillium being particularly common and highly contagious. Once infected, the fruit can quickly rot, especially at higher temperatures. To prevent this, an antiseptic treatment is usually applied immediately after harvest. A certain amount of biological hormone is often added to the solution to enhance cell activity, reduce pedicle browning, and prevent fruit from shriveling or falling off prematurely.
In commercial handling, besides thorough cleaning, disease removal, and grading, waxing is also an essential step. This not only improves the appearance of the fruit but also enhances its market value, especially for larger citrus varieties such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. After packaging, the fruits need to be transported efficiently to their destination. The key principles during transport include quick loading and unloading, careful handling, protection from heat and cold, and minimizing damage to ensure the quality of the fruit upon arrival.
For short-distance transportation, vehicles such as cars, tractors, animal carts, and rickshaws are commonly used. When loading, care must be taken to stack the fruits neatly and avoid excessive vibration. Covering the cargo helps protect the fruit from direct sunlight and rain. Water transport is another option, as it causes less mechanical damage and is generally more stable, though it is slower compared to land transport.
For long-distance transportation, trains are often the preferred method, especially for domestic sales. Citrus fruits are usually transported in standard boxcars, and it's important to have trained personnel on board to monitor conditions and prevent issues like sun exposure, high-temperature burns, or freezing. In some cases, insulation equipment may be installed for better climate control. When transporting oranges to northern regions, where the weather is colder, insulated cars are recommended. These vehicles help maintain a stable temperature, and windbreaks should be installed near doors and windows to prevent cold air from damaging the fruit near these areas.
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