To ensure the well-being and productivity of dairy cows during cold seasons, it's essential to create a suitable shelter. First, construct a warm shed by building an anterior wall approximately 2 meters high in front of the existing cowshed. Install a weatherproof door about 2 meters wide in the center to allow easy access for the cows. The gable ends should be integrated with the front wall. Place bamboo rafters with a diameter of 8–10 cm between the house and the front wall, spaced 70–80 cm apart. Cover the rafters with thick plastic sheets and secure them properly. After rain or snow, remove the plastic promptly to avoid damage. On both sides of the gables, leave 2–3 air vents measuring around 30 cm square at the lower part. At the highest point of the shed, install 2–3 round ventilation holes with wind direction caps. These vents should be twice the size of the air intakes to ensure effective airflow. The greenhouse area should be no less than 5–6 square meters per cow, adjustable based on actual conditions.
Second, provide timely shelter. The ideal environment for optimal dairy production is around 10°C. A warm greenhouse can maintain a temperature about 10°C higher than the outside. When outdoor temperatures drop below zero at night, cows should be moved into the greenhouse for feeding. During the day, when temperatures are milder, they can be taken out. Before opening the shed in the morning, make sure to open the air vents 30–60 minutes in advance so that the indoor and outdoor temperatures equalize before the cows exit. Clean the shed 2–3 times daily, removing urine and manure promptly and drying the area. In the afternoon, when there's plenty of sunlight, close the cold doors and air intakes to retain heat and keep the space warm.
Third, feed warm materials during winter. Avoid feeding frozen fodder or water. Provide warm water and feed at a temperature of at least 15°C, ideally using freshly drawn well water. To encourage drinking, prepare warm porridge at around 30°C. Monitor silage moisture and prevent freezing by reducing the amount of feed if necessary. Increase the quantity of quality hay, ensuring each cow receives at least 3–5 kg daily.
Fourth, manage breeding effectively. The saying goes, "Breed in summer for spring calves, in winter for autumn calves." Therefore, focus on proper timing for winter breeding. Check the cows three times a day, especially during feeding and milking, to detect estrus early and breed accordingly. For postpartum cows, aim for conception within 3–4 months after calving. Address reproductive issues promptly to reduce the number of open cows.
Fifth, focus on disease prevention and treatment. Strengthen feeding and management practices to improve the cows’ immunity. Regularly disinfect the area and administer necessary vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. Treat common illnesses like mastitis and metritis promptly to support milk production and overall health. By maintaining a clean, warm, and well-managed environment, you can significantly enhance the productivity and longevity of your dairy herd.
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