Ammonia smell heavy solution in fermentation bed
The strong ammonia odor in some fermentation beds has been a common concern among many farmers who have reached out to me through calls or QQ. Based on their descriptions, I’ve identified several recurring patterns:
1. The strongest ammonia smell is usually found in newly built fermentation beds, typically within the first 3 months.
2. The odor tends to be more noticeable when the bedding is dry.
3. Ammonia is often more concentrated around piglets.
4. Poor ventilation in the pens—sometimes with only basic windows or even completely closed ones—is a common issue.
Understanding these conditions helps explain why the ammonia levels are high. To begin with, it's important to know where ammonia comes from and how it forms. In livestock houses, ammonia mainly comes from two sources:
- **Gastrointestinal ammonia**: This comes from animal excrement, undigested feed, and urine. Urine contains urea, which is easily broken down by bacteria into ammonia and carbon dioxide. That’s why you can often smell ammonia right after animals defecate. Fecal nitrogen, though less volatile, also contributes over time as it breaks down.
- **Environmental ammonia**: This results from the decomposition of organic matter like manure, leftover feed, and bedding. When the litter is moist, warm, and has good airflow, ammonia production increases significantly.
Factors such as temperature, stocking density, ventilation, floor design, feeding practices, and cleaning routines all affect ammonia levels. Livestock waste contains a lot of undigested proteins, amino acids, and microbial nitrogen, which microorganisms convert into ammonia. Since ammonia dissolves easily in water, high humidity can increase its concentration in the air. For example, a 50–80 kg pig produces about 6 kg of feces daily, containing 16–37 g of nitrogen, with around 60% being urea or amine salts that quickly turn into NH3.
Now, let’s look at why the ammonia smell is stronger in the four situations mentioned earlier:
1. New fermentation beds haven’t yet developed a balanced bacterial community, so they aren’t efficiently breaking down nitrogen.
2. Dry bedding has low moisture, which limits its ability to absorb ammonia. Once released, it becomes noticeable.
3. Piglets produce less waste, and if the bedding is too dry, there’s not enough moisture to trap the ammonia.
4. Poor ventilation leads to low oxygen levels, which hinders bacteria from converting ammonia into bacterial protein. As a result, ammonia accumulates and eventually escapes into the air.
To address these issues, here are some practical solutions:
1. Use high-quality fermentation bed cultures that promote a balanced microbial ecosystem.
2. If the bedding is too dry and dusty, lightly spray it with water to improve moisture and help dissolve excess ammonia.
3. Increase the piglet density slightly, aiming for about 1 square meter per pig.
4. Improve ventilation by ensuring all windows, skylights, and exhaust fans are open and functioning properly.
By addressing these factors, you can significantly reduce ammonia levels and create a healthier environment for your animals.
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