Small Watermelon Pollution-free Production Techniques

With the improvement of people’s living standards, food safety requirements are getting higher and higher. Pollution-free, high-quality, nutrient-free, pollution-free products are increasingly favored by consumers: Small watermelons are beautiful and of high quality, and are gifts for gift giving. If you produce safe and nutritious green products through pollution-free technical measures, it is bound to More welcome by consumers, producers will also get more market returns. Production of pollution-free watermelon must comply with specific regulations in accordance with specific operating procedures, especially in the five production processes of soil preparation, fertilization, watering, spraying and harvesting. From the viewpoint of ecology, environmental protection and economics, comprehensive Use agricultural, biological, physical and other pollution-free technical measures to minimize the investment of chemical substances so that the pesticide residue, nitrate and heavy metal content of the watermelon product do not exceed the national standards. The key technology measures for small-scale, non-polluting production of melons are described below. (1) Strict selection of real estate must be selected in a favorable ecological environment, with no or no direct acceptance of industrial "three wastes", urban life, and medical waste pollution in the area where the ecological environment is good; the production area and the upper reaches of irrigation; must avoid the main road of the highway and have a high background value of heavy metals in the soil. area. High-end areas with endemic diseases related to soil and water sources cannot be used as pollution-free watermelon production areas. In addition, it is required that the soil in the place of production is loose and fertile, the soil is deep, the organic matter content is high, and the drainage and irrigation conditions are good. The air quality, irrigation water quality, and soil quality of the producing areas have been tested and tested in accordance with relevant national standards. The technical standards for the atmosphere, irrigation water and soil necessary for the production of green foods from vegetable production areas in the China Green Food Development Center are described below (Table 2, Table 3) for reference. Table 2 Ambient Air Quality Standards Project Standard (mg/m3) Annual Average Monthly Average 1 Hour Average Carbon Dioxide 0.020.050.15 Nitrogen Hydroxide 0.050.100.15 Total Suspended Particles 0.080.12 Fluorine 0.0070.02 Note: 1. See the People's Republic of China for details National standard GB3095-1996. 2. Sampling time: 3 times a day, 7:00 to 8:00 (morning), 14:00 to 15:00 (in the afternoon), 17:00 to 18:00 (in the evening), continuous sampling for 3 days. Table 3 Farmland Irrigation Water Quality Standards

Project Criteria (mg/L) Project Criteria (mg/L) [H+] Concentrations 3163 to 3.16 NM/L Total Pb ≤ 0.1 pH 5.5 to 8.5 Chromium (6-valence) ≤ 0.1 Total Mercury ≤ 0.001 Chloride 250 Total cadmium ≤0.005 Fluoride 2.0 Total As ≤0.05 Cyanide 0.5

The soil quality standard is within 20 to 40 cm soil layer. After multi-point sampling, it is required that the heavy metal content of melon soil is not higher than the following indicators: mercury 0.21 mg/kg, cadmium 0.18 mg/kg, lead 56 mg/kg, Arsenic 32 mg/kg, chromium 108 mg/kg. (2) Watermelon varieties that use high-quality disease-resistant varieties to produce pollution-free products should adapt to local soil, climatic conditions, and cultivation conditions, and have strong resistance to diseases, pests, and weeds. The quality is good, and the content of soluble solids is more than 1%. The meat is tender and has a good taste. Generally strong growth traits have better stress resistance. Huang Xiaoyu H, Jinfu, Yangchun, Jintong, Gift No. 1, Black Age Child, Beauty and Xiaowuhong Seedless can be selected for production. (3) Rational fertilization and application of organic fertilizer 1. Principles of fertilization In the production of watermelon, there are two ways for the fertilizer to cause contamination to watermelon: First, the toxic substances contained in the fertilizer such as pathogens, parasite eggs, toxic gases, heavy metals, etc.; Second, large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers cause nitrate accumulation in watermelon plants and fruits. Therefore, the production of pollution-free watermelon application of fertilizers should adhere to the following principles: the main organic fertilizer, supplemented by other fertilizers; mainly base fertilizer, supplemented by top dressing; mainly multi-element compound fertilizer, supplemented by single element fertilizer. 2. Types of Fertilizer (1) Organic Fertilizer Organic fertilizer is the preferred fertilizer for the production of pollution-free green products. It has the advantages of long fertilizer efficiency, stable fertilizer supply, and low fertilizer damage, and other irreplaceable advantages. Common organic fertilizers include compost, manure, and biogas fertilizers. , cake fat, green manure, mud, crop stalks, etc. (2) Fertilizer production Pollution-free green products should, in principle, limit the use of chemical fertilizers. Considering that chemical fertilizers have characteristics such as rapid fertilizer efficiency and easy absorption, they can selectively use part of chemical fertilizers to meet the needs of nutrients for watermelon growth and increase the yield of watermelons. The fertilizers that can be used for the production of pollution-free green products include urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, calcium magnesium phosphate, mineral potassium, superphosphate, and three-element compound fertilizer. (3) Biological Bacterial Fertilizers Bacterial fertilizers not only have the long-term effect of organic fertilizers, but also have the immediate effect of chemical fertilizers. They can also reduce the nitrate content in crops, improve the quality of watermelons, and improve soil properties. Therefore, the production of pollution-free watermelons should be positive. Promote the application of biological fertilizers, such as rhizobia fertilizer, phosphorus bacteria fertilizer, active potassium fertilizer, fixed nitrogen fertilizer, silicate bacterial fertilizer, composite microorganisms and humic acid fertilizers. According to a test conducted by the Agricultural Research Institute of Dezhou City, Shandong Province from 1996 to 2001, 200-300 kg of compound biological fertilizer per mu of watermelon field can increase production by 15 to 20% compared with conventional fertilization. The quality of watermelon is improved significantly, and the soluble solid content is increased by 0.8 to 1.2. Percentage point, and increase the soil aggregate structure, water retention and fertility enhancement, post-effect is very obvious. (4) Inorganic mineral fertilizers such as mineral potassium fertilizer, mineral phosphate fertilizer, etc. (5) Trace Element Fertilizer Fertilizer mainly composed of trace elements such as copper, zinc, manganese, boron, molybdenum, selenium and iron. In the watermelon should pay attention to the use of zinc, manganese, boron and other trace elements. 3. Fertilization measures (1) Re-applying organic fertilizers, less organic fertilizers with sufficient chemical fertilizers, can continuously supply nutrients for the entire growth period of watermelons, which is beneficial to the improvement of the quality of watermelons. Livestock and poultry manure and crop stalks are good raw materials for organic fertilizer production. Livestock and poultry manure should be subjected to high-temperature accumulation and fermentation before application to fully decompose them so as to kill pathogens and eggs therein. The addition of fast rot to the crop straw can be returned directly to the field, but after crushed, the rot fermentation effect is better. The heap rot is prepared by adding 1 to 2 kg of fast rot per 100 kg of comminuted straw. After stacking, the surface is sealed tightly with mud. Normally 20 days, there is fat left. In the production of watermelon, the commonly used organic fertilizers mainly include fermented chicken manure and decomposed cake fertilizer, etc. The amount is generally 3 to 4 cubic meters per mu of chicken manure, or 200 to 250 kilograms of cake fat. (2) Reapplying basal fertilizer and applying less top dressing practices have proved that, under the same basal fertilizer conditions, the greater the amount of topdressing fertilizer, the more nitrate is accumulated in watermelon. Therefore, the production of pollution-free green products should be applied to base fertilizers to control topdressing. The total amount of basic fertilizer accounted for 80-90% of the total amount of fertilizer, of which nitrogen fertilizer 2/3 as base fertilizer, 1/3 as top dressing, deep application. (3) The first application of chemical fertilizers is the prohibition of the application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizers. The second is to control the amount of chemical fertilizers. Generally, the amount of nitrogen applied per mu should be controlled within 15 kg of pure nitrogen. Third, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied deep and dry. The general ammonia nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil layer below 6 cm, and urea is applied to the soil layer below 10 cm. Early application is beneficial to early and long-lasting watermelon, prolonging fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate accumulation. Practice has proved that after certain treatment before urea application, it can quickly improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce pollution in the short term. Treatment method is: take 1 part of urea, 8 to 10 parts of the field in the wet soil, mixing and stacking in a dry room, the next shop covered with plastic film, heap boring 7 to 10 days can be used to apply fertilizer. Fourth, chemical fertilizers should be combined with organic fertilizers and microbial fertilizers. (4) Different types of fertilization, different types of fertilization, and different types of fertilization and methods of fertilization should be different depending on the land fertility, different seedlings, and different soil fertility depending on the season. For melon fields with low soil fertility, nitrogen and organic fertilizers can be applied to fertility. The light application of nitrogen fertilizer from watermelon seedlings to extension vines is beneficial to their early growth. In summer and autumn, the high temperature and high activity of nitrate reductase are not conducive to the accumulation of nitrate. Therefore, the appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer can be applied during the delayed cultivation of watermelon. (1) The new method of fertilization a, spraying brown sugar or white sugar liquid. Spraying 0.2-0.3% of the brown sugar liquid can increase the leaf size, increase the chlorophyll content, and increase the disease resistance of the plants, generally increasing the yield by about 10%. Note that the sugar concentration should not be too high, spray every 5 to 7 days, usually 2 to 3 times. b, leaves vinegar. Use 3 to 5 days after colonization, spray 400 times rice vinegar solution every 5 to 7 days, and spray 3 to 5 times, which can increase production by 10 to 15%. When vinegar is sprayed, it is usually done in the afternoon. It needs 40-50 kg of vinegar per acre. (D) Strengthen Integrated Pest Management The main diseases of watermelon include: damping-off, anthracnose, blight, wilt, virus disease, and epidemic diseases; pests mainly include: melon locust, leafhopper (red spider), melon seed fly , Liriomyza sativae and so on. The main prevention and control measures are as follows: 1. Agricultural technical measures (1) The rational rotation and field crops or non-guad crops are implemented for 4 to 6 years, which can reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases such as blight. (2) For the selection of disease-resistant varieties, see the varieties listed in this section (2); (3) Cultivate disease-free strong seedlings and disinfect seeds. Fusarium wilt can be used to control 0.1 to 0.2% potassium permanganate or formalin 150 times, or with 50% compound carbendazim suspension 500 times solution for 0.5 to 1 hour, washed with water after germination. Anthrax and blight can be soaked in warm water at 55 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. To prevent viral diseases, soak in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 10 minutes. After washing with water, sow germination again. b, seedbed soil treatment. Each cubic meter of bed soil plus 80 ~ 120 grams of carbendazim mix nursery soil, or per tom bed with metalaxyl, Fu Mei pairs of 8 ~ 10 grams of fine soil 8 ~ 10 kg made of medicinal soil, on Covered underlays (2/3 on top of medicinal soil and 1/3 on bottom) can prevent the occurrence of damping-off, damping-off and anthracnose in the seedling stage. c. Grafting seedlings: Grafting with gourds, Chaofeng F1, and Qingyuan No. 1 as rootstocks can effectively control the wilt disease and produce early maturing and high yield. (4) Strengthen the field management to promptly remove the defoliation of residual crops in the fields before watermelons, and reduce the number of pathogenic and disease sources. In early spring greenhouses and greenhouse cultivation, attention should be paid to heat preservation and humidity reduction. Reduce the occurrence of diseases; pruning in the field, tied vines, fertilization and other operations, try to avoid the wound at the base of the plant to reduce the chance of pathogen infection. 2. Use yellow technology and black light lamp to attract insects by using physical technology; use shade nets for postponing cultivation in autumn, and silver-gray plastic film covering melon fields to avoid aphids. 3, the priority application of biotechnology using a variety of biological pesticides such as Bt preparation and the mixture of fish rattan, rotenone, nicotine, agricultural resistance 120, increase production and other pest control pest control. Such as biological pesticide Keke grams (2% ningnanmycin) 200 ~ 250 times the liquid before the onset of viral disease or early onset of the spray; spray with 0.9% insects grams 3000 times solution can control aphids; with 200 ~ 300 Binnong anti-120 spray can prevent anthrax and epidemic diseases, and it can prevent blight before the onset of disease. 4, scientific and rational application of chemical pesticides (1) chemical control of safe drug use standard production of pollution-free watermelon, in the prevention and control of watermelon pests and diseases, should first take agricultural measures, physical measures, biological measures, followed by the use of chemical pesticides. And do the following: a, in strict accordance with the safety intervals, concentrations, and methods of administration listed in Table 4. Table 4 Watermelon Pesticide Safe Use Standards Pesticides Main Controlling Object Dosage or Dilution Multiple Application Method Quarterly Maximum Number of Uses Safety Interval (days) Name Contents and Formulations Carbendazim 50% Wettable Powder 50% Wettable Powder 50% Yes Wet Powder 25% Wettable Powder 50% Suspension Wilt Wilt Blight Wilt Blight Wilt Wilt Blight Wilt Blast Blast 500 g 2000 g 500 times 8 g/m 210 g/m2 Sag irrigation irrigation soil treatment 111111010101010 Fumei double 75% WP damping-off disease 8-10 g / m 2 pesticide soil cover species 1 metalaxyl 25% WP damping-down disease 8-10 g / m 2 drug Soil cover type 1 Precike 66.5% water solution damping-off 1000-1500 times spray 37 anti-virus M864% liquid damping off, 400-500 grams of spray blue 33 methyl thiophanate-methyl 70% WP 70% Wet powder 70% wettable powder Fusarium wilt, anthracnose Anthracnose 800 times 1500 times 500 times Spraying and irrigating root spray 333101010 Bacterial gram g 2% Aqueous agent Virus disease 200-250 times Spray 2-32 phytosanitary 1.5 % Emulsion Virus Disease 1000-fold Spray 2-32 Virus A20% Wettable Virus Disease 600x Spray 2-32 Anthrax Fomex 80% WP Carbon Disease 800 times spray 1-23 Application of protection 50% WP anthrax 400-500 times spray more than 25 Fortune mixture 50% emulsion anthrax 500-600 times spray 25 avoid fog 50% wettable powder worm 5000 times spray 37-10 Krypton 0.9% Soluble Aqueous Solution 0.9% Soluble Aqueous Solution Acarid, Melon Seedfly, Liriomyza sativae, Aphid 3000-4000x 3000x Spray Spray 1177 Dichlorvos 80% Chrysanthemum Aphids 150-200x Fumigation 55 Imidacloprid 20% EC Aphids 1500 times spray 1-25 Phoxim 50% EC Small tiger, melon seed fly 1000 times Iridium 110 Trichlorfon 2.5% Powder Mytilidae 2000 times myxic earth Saps 27 b. Chemical pesticides are banned 7 days before harvest. c. Alternating the use of drugs should try to alternately use different types of pesticides to control pests and diseases. (2) Periods and methods for the use of common diseases and insect pests a. Waterlogging occurs after the emergence of watermelons. It can be sprayed with 66.5% Propolis water 1000-1500 times liquid, or 64% antivirus M8 wettable powder 400-500 times liquid, or Anti-virus 200 times dry fine soil soil sprinkled in the base of melon seedlings, can also reduce the extension of vine blight. b, control blight, colonization with 50% carbendazim WP 2 kg, mixed with fine soil 100 kg, applied to the planting hole, can also be used 50% carbendazim WP 500 times, or 70% methyl Topoxin 1000 times liquid irrigated once, 250 ml per point of liquid medicine, also prevent the occurrence of anthrax. At the early stage of the onset of the wilt disease, immediately after the occurrence of the wilt disease strain, the root of the diseased plant was taken as the center, and a circular pit with a depth of 8 to 10 cm and a radius of 10 cm was dug to expose the main root portion, and the 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 was used. Doubling with liquid or 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times to irrigate root, 500 ml per point of liquid medicine. Can cure blight. c. The main land where bacterial blight occurs can be sprayed with 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times, or 64% anti-virus M8 WP 500 times. d, prevention and treatment of viral diseases. Viral disease is mainly transmitted through locusts and should be managed to prevent disease. Before the occurrence of aphid peak, 20% imidacloprid can be sprayed with 1500 times liquid. The fumigation method can be used for the protection of land, using 1.5% Sickle tobacco agent 300 grams per mu, evenly distributed in the shed, the greenhouse will be closed in the evening, followed by lighting, after 12 hours of closing the shed to release the wind; also available 80% dichlorvos per acre 150 to 200 grams of fumigation, evenly distributed in the greenhouse, piled up a small pile of sawdust at each point, ignite and dip the dichlorvos after ignition. This method is usually performed around noon during the day and when the temperature in the booth reaches about 30 degrees Celsius, and it is ventilated after 2 hours of smoking. Virus strains were found that could be sprayed with 20% Viral WP 500 to 600 times, or 6% Virus WP 600 to 800 times, or 20% Virus A600 times, and sprayed every 7 days. 2 to 3 times. e. In the early stage of anthrax attack, spray 80% of anthrax 800 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 500 times, or 50% WP WP 400-600 times. Smoke can be used to protect the fumigation method, with 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent per acre of 200 to 250 grams, 8 to 10 days smoked one time, at the same time can treat disease. (5) The use of clean water sources, reasonable irrigation of the quality of production water should be ensured, and the surface and ground water used for irrigation should be clean and non-polluting and meet the required water quality standards. The number of times of watering and the amount of watering were the same as those of ordinary cultivation, and watering was stopped 5 days before harvest. (6) Timely harvesting and suitable ripe watermelons for public health gifts should be normal and mature. Appropriate harvesting, to prevent the listing of raw melon, it is strictly forbidden to use ethephon and other drugs to ripen to ensure the quality of the fruit. The specific harvest time will depend on the variety characteristics and accumulated temperature of the fruit development and the sales situation. In local sales, watermelons are harvested from 95% to 10%; watermelons are exported to the seeds for color change, ie 85% to 90% are harvested at maturity. The production of pollution-free watermelon should be sent to the provincial-level pollution-free product certification agency's designated testing agency or other statutory inspection agency for pesticide residue testing after the product is harvested. After the test is passed, the pollution-free product logo will be declared.

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