Adding Organic Fertilizer Organic fertilizer, also known as farmyard fertilizer, is a general term for natural fertilizers that are sourced in situ in the countryside and accumulate locally. Organic fertilizer has a wide range of sources and a wide variety of substances. Almost all substances containing organic matter can accumulate organic fertilizers. The application of organic fertilizers is one of the effective measures for fertilizing soil in the production of green food vegetables.
1 Characteristics of Organic Fertilizers Organic fertilizers contain large amounts of organic substances, complete nutrients, slow and long-lasting fertilizers, and organic fertilizers used in conjunction with chemical fertilizers can increase fertilizer efficiency and reduce costs. Organic fertilizers can increase vegetable yield and improve product quality. The application of fertilizer can reduce energy consumption and improve the ecological environment. At the same time, when organic fertilizers are used, pay attention to organic fertilizers that are hot, warm, and cool. For example, horse manure is a hot fertilizer. It produces a lot of heat during the fermentation process, which can increase the ground temperature. The organic fertilizer is bulky and has high moisture content. With low nutrient content, it is inconvenient to transport and use; untreated organic fertilizers contain a variety of pathogens and parasites, and are prone to spread diseases. They must be detoxified before use.
2 Application of Organic Fertilizers Organic fertilizers are generally used as basal fertilizers. If there are many fertilizers, they can be used in combination with soil tillage. If the fertilizer is not enough, they can be applied before sowing or planting, then they can be dumped into the soil; Before digging a trench or digging a hole in a vegetable planting line, the fertilizer is applied to a ditch or inside a hole and then used for hoeing and ridging; when sowing and planting, the fermented human urine, chicken, and cake are used to apply fertilizer. In the planting hole or planting ditch, and fully mixed with the soil after sowing or planting, also known as mouth fat or seed fertilizer. Organic manure can also be used as top dressing. During the growth of vegetables, organic manure is sprinkled on the surface of the planter, combined with watering and rainfall into the fertilizer; or ditches are planted next to the plant, fertilizer is applied to the ditch, and then the soil is covered; You can dig a hole beside the plant to apply the fertilizer into the hole, or add fertilizer to the water and apply it to the crop line. (to go wild)
Ventilator block diagram
One. Main mechanical ventilation modes
(1) Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV): positive pressure in the inspiratory phase and zero pressure in the expiratory phase. 1. Working principle: The ventilator generates positive pressure in the inspiratory phase and presses the gas into the lungs. After the pressure rises to a certain level or the inhaled volume reaches a certain level, the ventilator stops supplying air, the exhalation valve opens, and the patient's thorax Passive collapse of the lungs and exhalation. 2. Clinical application: Various patients with respiratory failure mainly based on ventilation function, such as COPD.
(2) Intermittent positive and negative pressure ventilation (IPNPV): the inspiratory phase is positive pressure and the expiratory phase is negative pressure. 1. How it works: The ventilator works both in the inspiratory and exhaled phases. 2. Clinical application: Expiratory negative pressure can cause alveolar collapse and cause iatrogenic atelectasis.
(3) Continuous positive pressure airway ventilation (CPAP): Refers to the patient's spontaneous breathing and artificial positive airway pressure during the entire respiratory cycle. 1. Working principle: Inspiratory phase gives continuous positive pressure air flow, and exhalation phase also gives a certain resistance, so that the airway pressure of inhalation and exhalation phases are higher than atmospheric pressure. 2. Advantages: The continuous positive pressure airflow during inhalation is greater than the inspiratory airflow, which saves the patient's inhalation effort, increases FRC, and prevents the collapse of the airway and alveoli. Can be used for exercise before going offline. 3. Disadvantages: great interference to circulation, large pressure injury of lung tissue.
(4) Intermittent command ventilation and synchronized intermittent command ventilation (IMV / SIMV) IMV: There is no synchronization device, the ventilator air supply does not require the patient's spontaneous breathing trigger, and the time of each air supply in the breathing cycle is not constant. 2. SIMV: There is a synchronization device. The ventilator gives the patient a commanded breath according to the pre-designed breathing parameters every minute. The patient can breathe spontaneously without being affected by the ventilator. 3. Advantages: It exerts its ability to regulate breathing while offline; it has less influence on circulation and lungs than IPPV; it reduces the use of shock medicine to a certain extent. 4. Application: It is generally considered to be used when off-line. When R <5 times / min, it still maintains a good oxygenation state. You can consider off-line. Generally, PSV is added to avoid respiratory muscle fatigue.
(5) Mandatory ventilation per minute (MMV) When spontaneous breathing> preset minute ventilation, the ventilator does not command ventilation, but only provides a continuous positive pressure. 2. When spontaneous breathing is less than the preset minute ventilation volume, the ventilator performs command ventilation to increase the minute ventilation volume to reach the preset level.
(6) Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) Definition: Under the prerequisite of spontaneous breathing, each inhalation receives a certain level of pressure support, increasing the patient's inhalation depth and inhalation volume. 2. How it works: The inspiratory pressure begins with the patient's inspiratory action, and ends when the inspiratory flow rate decreases to a certain level or the patient attempts to exhale hard. Compared with IPPV, the pressure it supports is constant, and it is adjusted by the feedback of the inspiratory flow rate. Compared with SIMV, it can get pressure support for each inhalation, but the level of support can be set according to different needs. 3. Application: SIMV + PSV: used for preparation before off-line, can reduce breathing work and oxygen consumption Indications: Exercise the ventilator; prepare before going offline; the ventilator is weak due to various reasons; severe flail chest causes abnormal breathing. 5. Note: Generally not used alone, it will produce insufficient or excessive ventilation.
(7) Volume Supported Ventilation (VSV): Each breath is triggered by the patient's spontaneous breathing. The patient can also breathe without any support and can reach the expected TV and MV levels. The ventilator will allow the patient to be truly autonomous Breathing also applies to preparations before going offline.
(8) Capacity control of pressure regulation
(IX) Biphasic or bilevel positive pressure ventilation How it works: P1 is equivalent to inspiratory pressure, P2 is equivalent to breathing pressure, T1 is equivalent to inspiratory time, and T2 is equivalent to exhalation time. 2. Clinical application: (1) When P1 = inspiratory pressure, T1 = inspiratory time, P2 = 0 or PEEP, T2 = expiratory time, which is equivalent to IPPV. (2) When P1 = PEEP, T1 = infinity, P2 = 0, T2 = O, which is equivalent to CPAP. (3) When P1 = inspiratory pressure, T1 = inspiratory time, P2-0 or PEEP, T2 = desired controlled inhalation cycle, equivalent to SIMV.
Medical Positive Pressure Breathing Machine
Positive Pressure Breathing Machine,Continuous Positive Pressure Ventilation,Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation,Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing Machine
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