Peach root cancer, also known as crown gall disease, is a widespread plant disease caused by the bacterium *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*. This pathogen affects a wide range of host plants, including peaches, pears, apples, grapes, persimmons, plums, apricots, cherries, chestnuts, walnuts, jujubes, and chrysanthemums. It infects the roots and lower stems of plants, forming galls that weaken the tree structure. In severe cases, it can lead to the death of fruit trees.
The bacterium *A. tumefaciens* is a short, rod-shaped, flagellated organism without spores. Its optimal growth temperature is 22°C, with a survival range between 10°C and 34°C, and it is killed at 51°C within 10 minutes. The ideal pH for its growth is 7.3. In the 1970s, Australian scientist Professor Kerr identified three biochemical types of this bacteria, with type I and II being most commonly found in infected peach trees.
Cancerous tumors typically form on the root neck and main roots, appearing as round or irregular masses. These growths vary in size, from small nodules resembling beans to large, clustered tumors that can reach the size of a fist. The surface is often rough and hard, with colors ranging from milky white to dark brown. As they mature, these tumors become brittle and may fall off, leaving open wounds that are prone to rot and emit an unpleasant odor. New secondary tumors can develop near old ones, further damaging the plant.
The disease spreads through various means, including rainwater, irrigation, soil pests, nematodes, and contaminated seedlings. The bacteria enter the host through wounds caused by grafting, insects, or mechanical damage. Once inside, it triggers abnormal cell division, leading to tumor formation. The time it takes for symptoms to appear varies widely, from a few weeks to over a year. Certain conditions, such as heavy clay soils, poor drainage, and alkaline environments, increase the risk of infection.
To manage peach root cancer, several control measures are recommended:
1. **Plant high-quality seedlings**. Avoid planting in areas previously used for other susceptible crops like poplars or grapes. Use grafted seedlings and ensure tools are disinfected with 75% alcohol before and after use. Adjust soil pH by applying acidic fertilizers or organic matter to make it less favorable for bacterial growth.
2. **Inspect seedlings carefully**. Before planting, dip healthy seedlings in K84 biological pesticide (diluted 30–50 times) for 3–5 minutes, or use 3% sodium hypochlorite for 3 minutes, or 1% copper sulfate for 5 minutes followed by 2% lime solution for 2 minutes. These methods are also effective for seed soaking and prevention.
3. **Treat existing tumors**. If galls are found, cut them out with a sharp knife and disinfect the wound with diluted copper sulfate (100x) or antibacterial agent-402 (50x). Apply Bordeaux paste or 1000x streptomycin solution mixed with Vaseline for protection. Alternatively, use a 5° Baume lime sulfur mixture combined with lard. All removed tumors should be burned immediately. Disinfect the surrounding soil with a 2000x dilution of antibacterial agent-402. Ensure the incision remains dry to avoid re-infection.
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