1 Modern chicken
1.1 The Meaning of Modern Chicken Breeding
Equipped with modern industrial equipment to raise chickens, armed with modern science and technology to raise chickens, with modern management theory and methods of nutrition chicken industry, this process is the modern chicken. Its basic features are scientific, intensive, commercial, and market-oriented; the basic features are high output, high quality, low consumption, and high efficiency; the basic requirements are specialization, integration, and modernization. China's chicken breeding industry is working hard in this direction. Many aquaculture companies have created experience and made great contributions.
The current “modern chicken farm†has risen in large numbers. Due to the current lack of a standard suitable to China, there are still gaps in the construction, production, and management of chicken farms compared with foreign countries. There are many problems, but compared with traditional Chinese chickens, It is a major step forward that broiler breeding has entered the ranks of “modernization,†but the “modernization of chickens†to achieve standards has yet to be improved.
At present, it is more appropriate for such a model to be called “scaled standardization of raising chickensâ€. Due to the wide scope of modernization and the many contents involved, it is currently difficult to achieve full realization.
1.2 Advantages of "Modern Chicken Farm"
1.2.1 is conducive to industrialization, standardization, standardization management and environmental automation control, to obtain regulatory benefits. Practice has proved that because of the high degree of automation, modern chickens can save land and save labor resources;
1.2.2 According to the requirements of broiler production, according to the growth and development law of broilers, broilers provide good environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, light, ventilation) to protect the healthy growth of chickens;
1.2.3 can effectively control the environment, not easily affected by external factors (high temperature, high cold, strong winds, heavy rain), so that the flock in a stable environment for healthy growth and development, with anti-risk ability;
1.2.4 Standardization and standardization Chicken farming adopts closed breeding management, which is conducive to the control of disease and drug residue control. It has laid the foundation for the realization of the conditions for hygiene and safety of broilers. To provide effective protection against foreign technical barriers;
1.2.5 The automation of the chicken house overcomes arbitrariness and enables standardized and standardized management. Helps reduce stress and reduce the production of pathogenic factors;
1.2.6 Broiler chickens are of good quality, which is conducive to the protection of consumers' health, is conducive to exports, and can increase market competitiveness.
Practice has proved that taking the modern chicken-raising road is the current direction of achieving large-scale, standardized, industrialized production of broiler chickens, high-yield, high-efficiency, high-quality, and low-cost consumption. It has the ability to resist risks and has market competitiveness. It is imperative.
In order to achieve the best benefits, we must realize that modern farming is not only equipment modernization, emphasizing automation, but also scientific management of production, scientific production and guidance, and providing the excellent environmental conditions required by chickens according to the growth law of broilers. Biosafety measures are implemented to ensure healthy growth and development of the flock. Must be done: the form and content of a unified, both grasping equipment and grasping scientific applications, can not only form but not science.
2 Factors that affect the development of the broiler industry
2.1 The effects of the financial crisis have not been completely eliminated
With the economic recovery this year, although it is emerging from the shadow of the financial crisis, the broiler industry will still be in a low-profit state and will still have an impact on development. The impact on the broiler industry is highlighted in the following aspects:
2.1.1 The technical barriers have not been reduced, but they have become higher and higher. The technical barriers to broiler exports have focused on drug residues, and they are very harsh on drug residue requirements. The first is to limit the list of drugs, especially antibiotics are very strict; the second is the small drug residue limit, many veterinary drugs limited to 1PPb, especially Japan's implementation of a system, the EU's antibiotics, the prohibition of the use of antibiotics in Hong Kong, limiting exports .
2.1.2 The increasing number of imported broiler products affects the sales of Chinese products;
2.1.3 Foreign Investment The establishment of a large-scale broiler production base in the country has a certain impact on the Chinese market, and the market competition is fiercer;
2.1.4 The trade restrictions imposed by importers of broiler products have continued to increase and have been revamped. For example, the US subsidies to white broiler chickens have caused damage to China and the export of broiler chicken products has been restricted.
Result: Intensified market competition, China's export volume is very low, especially export to the EU. Many small businesses were forced to withdraw, and scattered households stopped. There were empty rooms everywhere, and the amount of fish kept falling.
2.2 Feed, fuel, epidemic prevention fees, utilities, and management fees have risen. The cost has risen. The low interest rate of chickens has seriously dampened the enthusiasm of chicken farming. There are also restrictions on farm land, finance, taxation, and finance, and development is affected.
According to the national authoritative department, the price of feed raw materials rose by 9.9% from January to June this year, of which corn rose by 21.6%, methionine rose by 1.9%, lysine rose by 2.4%, feed increased by 4 percentage points, and broiler rose 1.9%. In addition, due to the drop in pork prices, the price of chickens and chickens was extremely unstable, and the trend was weak. Live chickens fell from 9.04 yuan in January to only 8.93 yuan in June. On the other hand, the net profit decreased from 2.44 yuan to 1.64 yuan per capita, and the cost margin decreased from 15.07% to 10.66%. Although prices have risen in the second half of the year, prices have risen, but the cost has also risen, and raising chickens has been low-margin. Enterprises that rely on aquaculture development are struggling, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises.
2.3 The occurrence and prevalence of epidemics bring disaster to the chicken industry and become the biggest obstacle to the chicken industry
Current broiler disease characteristics:
2.3.1 There are many kinds of chicken diseases, and there are many atypical symptoms (sub-clinical symptoms). It is difficult to diagnose.
The most common serious diseases that endanger broilers are: (1) Infectious diseases: viral diseases (flu, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, bursal disease) and bacterial diseases (mycoplasma, E. coli); (2) Poisoning: Mycotoxin poisoning; (3) Parasitic disease: coccidiosis; (4) Common disease: poor management causes heat stroke, pneumonia, stress damage, ammonia damage.
2.3.2 Mixed infections are difficult to control
Due to the serious environmental pollution, mixed infections are numerous, especially in breeding areas and scattered farming households. The most common are the following types:
Virus disease and viral disease mixed infection: ND + IB, ND + AI, ND + IBD, AI + IB;
Mixed infection of viral disease and bacterial disease: ND + E.COL i, AI + E.COL i;
Bacterial and bacterial infections: E.COL i + MG.
2.3.3 Immunosuppressive Diseases Occur, Poor Immunity
In the commercial broiler mainly appears: 1 The early occurrence of IBD disease causes the failure of ND/IB/AI immunization, ND/IB/AI must be immunized, but the antibody does not go up, and there is still no good protection. There is always a sporadic incidence of subclinical symptoms that affect production. In addition, the first IBD-free medium-strong virulent vaccine often damages the bursa of Fabricius and the function of the bursa of Fabricius declines. The phenomenon of immunosuppression is prominent, and it often induces the occurrence of bursal disease. 2 The presence of mycotoxins in feed has severely affected immune function, immunosuppression, and poor growth and development.
2.3.4 new diseases continue to emerge, prevent them
1 Chicken Inclusion Body Hepatitis: Infection of breeder chickens with type I adenovirus causes vertical chick-infected infections. When chickens have bursal disease and E. coli disease, they are susceptible to inclusion body hepatitis, although the incidence is low. But the rate of death is high;
2 viral glandular gastritis syndrome: a variety of viruses caused by swollen glands and stomach ulcers, leading to poor growth, increased dead Amoyage rate;
3 Reticuloendotheliosis: Causes tumors in breeder chickens, immunosuppression occurs, maternal antibodies are low, broiler chickens are susceptible to disease, and chickens are difficult to raise. These are epidemics that have occurred in recent years and there is no good way to prevent them.
2.3.5 The virus strain has many strains and many variations. It is very difficult to select a vaccine and the immune effect is not ideal.
According to reports: 1 AIV strains have more subtypes and more variations. H9N1 and H9N2 have F strains, SS strains and LG1 strains; H5N1 and H5N2 have R-1, R-4, and R-5; 2 IBV strains have multiple genotypes, 9 strains and 13 strains (H strains, There are 491 strains of M strains, which often have respiratory, renal, reproductive, muscular, and glandular gastric patterns. In recent years, the proportion of kidneys has been the largest; 3 IBDVI types have 6 subtypes, and there are reports of very virulent viruses; 4 Differences in NDV virulence, gene sequencing common I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X type. At present, it is mainly VII and II. Among them, VII 66%, II 20%, IX 10%, VI 3.3%. Type VII is the main epidemic strain in recent years.
The vaccine supplied on the market is basically a standard strain vaccine. If the vaccine is not on the right, cross-immunity protection is poor, the effect after immunization is unsatisfactory, and antibodies do not come. The chickens still suffer from field virus.
In broiler farms, Newcastle disease, Bursal Disease, infectious bronchitis, and flu continue to occur, and immunity is not fully protected. This is closely related to the emergence of various subtypes, strain variation, and virulence differences.
As a company is limited by conditions, it is unconditional to carry out pathogen identification, it is not clear what kind of virus it is, and it is hard to figure out what type of virus it is. It is difficult to choose vaccines. The vast majority of chicken farms rely on experience, with recommended vaccines. , it may not be suitable for the actual field, the effect is not necessarily good. This is an important reason for the current prevention and control of the disease.
2.3.6 The most common bacterial disease in broilers is E. coli disease.
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