To ensure optimal peanut growth and maximize yield, it's essential to implement proper management practices during the critical stages of development. Here are four key strategies to consider:
First, prevent premature aging. During the period from flowering to full fruiting, peanuts require consistent water and nutrient supply. A lack of water or fertilizer can lead to stunted growth, yellowing leaves, and early senescence, which reduces the green leaf area and weakens the plant’s ability to photosynthesize. This results in lower dry matter accumulation and slower nutrient transport to the pods, ultimately affecting yield. For fields showing signs of nutrient deficiency, applying a foliar spray of 0.3% to 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixed with 1% urea solution at a rate of 50 kg per 667 m² during the fruiting stage can help. It's best to spray on sunny afternoons, every 10 days, typically 2 to 3 times. For drought-affected areas, timely irrigation is crucial to meet the plant's water needs, improve nutrient uptake, and enhance dry matter accumulation.
Second, manage excessive vegetative growth. As peanuts reach the full fruiting stage, their energy shifts from vegetative to reproductive growth. However, factors like high nitrogen levels, excessive moisture, or poor sunlight can cause the plants to grow too vigorously, leading to dense foliage that blocks light and hinders pod development. This can reduce dry matter accumulation and lower yields. To counter this, it's important to control vegetative growth through proper pruning, balanced fertilization, and, if needed, the use of growth regulators to promote more efficient resource allocation to the pods.
Third, avoid waterlogging. Peanuts are sensitive to excess moisture, especially in the later growth stages. Waterlogged conditions can lead to root rot, poor soil aeration, and increased disease pressure. The saying "dry ground produces needles, wet ground produces grains" highlights the importance of maintaining proper drainage. In rainy seasons or areas with high water tables, it's essential to implement raised bed planting or install drainage ditches to keep the soil from becoming saturated. This helps maintain healthy root systems and ensures better pod development.
Fourth, control pests and diseases. Leaf spot disease is a major concern in the late growth stages, as it damages leaves, reduces chlorophyll, and leads to early defoliation. This not only affects photosynthesis but also delays pod maturation. Prevention is key—applying a 1:1:300 Bordeaux mixture before symptoms appear can help. If the disease occurs, a 50% carbendazim WP solution diluted at 800 times is effective for treatment. In addition, ground pests such as cutworms and larvae can damage young plants. When pest populations exceed 5%, spraying with 10% imidacloprid WP can effectively control them and protect the crop.
By implementing these four strategies, farmers can significantly improve the health, productivity, and quality of their peanut crops. Proper care during the critical growth phases ensures better yields and long-term sustainability.
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