How to keep rice seedlings and prevent dead seedlings

(1) Preserving the health of Miao Miao Quan, Miao Qi, and Miao Zhuang is essential for achieving high yields in paddy rice. The success of drought-resistant rice cultivation largely depends on the ability to establish a full stand of seedlings. The topsoil in dry-cultivated rice is typically weak, and poor soil preparation or low-quality sowing can lead to issues such as plant gaps and broken ridges. Dry-land rice varieties must have strong topsoil adaptability, drought tolerance, and rapid growth after irrigation. Land preparation in dry conditions requires careful attention to soil structure, with fine and uniform soil texture, smooth field surfaces, and no uneven areas. Soil moisture is also crucial—ideally around 40% to 45% of the field’s maximum water-holding capacity. Too wet or too dry conditions are unsuitable for planting and can affect the quality of the seedbed. Sowing quality involves several key factors: pre-sowing seed treatment, appropriate sowing dates, soil moisture levels, sowing depth, and proper coverage and compaction. Standardized seed treatments enhance seed vigor, increase germination rates, and help prevent diseases like rice blast and bakanae. These treatments typically include drying, selection, soaking, and germination. The process is similar to traditional paddy rice cultivation. When using mechanical sowing, it's important to remove branches and awns after drying to avoid clogging the machine. Seed germination should be limited to just the white tip of the seed, as over-germination may damage the bud. The timing of sowing is critical. It should be based on the harvest schedule of the previous crop—early sowing is recommended for winter crops like rapeseed or wheat. Also, the growth characteristics and cold tolerance of the rice variety should be considered; generally, japonica varieties perform better when sown earlier. In low-lying areas, spring sowing is preferred, but soil temperature and moisture must be taken into account to ensure good seedling emergence. The goal is to align the seedling period with the local rainy season to maximize growth and reduce the need for irrigation. Soil preparation before sowing must be thorough, with sufficient moisture to support early growth. The ideal soil moisture level is around 70% relative humidity, meaning the soil should be moist but not saturated. If there is insufficient moisture, farmers should apply appropriate measures, such as watering, depending on the soil type. After sowing, a "headwater" should be applied to ensure the soil is compact and the seeds are well-rooted. Furrow irrigation is recommended for this stage. Sowing depth should be carefully controlled—neither too deep nor too shallow. Excessive depth can cause seedlings to bend underground, reducing their topsoil strength and leading to gaps in the field. Proper coverage and compaction after sowing are essential to ensure even depth and good seed-soil contact. Based on experience from dry farming in Beijing, autumn and winter plowing helps break up soil clods, which freeze and thaw overnight, improving soil texture. Early spring reclamation ensures a loose, workable seedbed suitable for sowing. Compaction after sowing also helps spread herbicides evenly, increasing their effectiveness. Dry-farmed fields, especially those previously used for wheat or oilseed crops, tend to be fertile and moist, but they are often prone to pests like cockroaches, crickets, and wireworms. Using seed dressings with agents like carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, or phoxim can effectively control these pests. (2) Early seedling death is a common issue in dry rice cultivation, especially when the seedlings face salt accumulation, thin soil, waterlogging, or drought during the long dry period. To prevent this, several measures should be taken. First, avoid using saline-alkali land or poorly drained fields for sowing, as these can lead to seedling death due to salt buildup. Second, before preparing the field, apply organic and phosphate fertilizers to improve soil structure and promote deep root development, enhancing drought resistance. Third, use ammonium sulfate as a seed fertilizer to encourage healthy and robust seedling growth. Fourth, avoid watering the seedlings until they have developed four fully expanded leaves, as early watering can weaken their drought tolerance. Additionally, if seedlings are exposed to excessive water too soon, their roots may struggle to adapt to the new aquatic environment, leading to seedling death. Therefore, irrigation should be done sparingly and not too deeply. The principle of “light water at the beginning and tight water later” should be followed. After a few days of moist conditions, maintain a shallow water layer to allow the roots to gradually adjust. Topdressing should be combined with irrigation to further support seedling growth.

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