Sika deer, also known as spotted deer, belong to the suborder Ruminantia and are classified under the family Cervidae. They were listed as a first-class nationally protected species in China in 1988. Native to the forested and mountainous regions of northeastern China, these deer are typically found in areas with dense vegetation and moderate climates. Sika deer are herbivores, feeding mainly on grasses, leaves, bark, and wild fruits.
The use of velvet antlers for medicinal purposes dates back to 168 AD in ancient China. The domestication of sika deer began in the mid-11th century, and they became more common during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Their popularity grew significantly during the Qing Dynasty. However, by the late Qing era, wild populations declined, making it difficult to meet royal demands. This led to the rise of captive deer farming. Until the 1950s, deer were primarily raised for imperial use, but after that, large-scale deer farming developed in northern China.
The sika deer is highly valued for its meat, liver, and other parts. Its meat is tender and flavorful, considered a delicacy in imperial courts. The deer’s lips are among the eight ancient treasures of China. As a high-value economic animal, the sika deer has over 25 medicinal uses. Additionally, its elegant appearance and vibrant colors make it a popular ornamental animal.
**Physiological Characteristics of Sika Deer:**
Sika deer reach sexual maturity between 8 to 18 months, with full maturity around age three. Adult males weigh between 80–155 kg, while females range from 50–87 kg. Mating occurs seasonally, typically between September and November. During this time, males become very active and competitive, often resulting in injuries. Each male can breed 20–30 females annually. Does give birth once a year, usually with one or two offspring. The gestation period lasts 225–245 days, and newborns weigh about 5 kg.
**Factors Affecting Growth:**
Genetics, nutrition, management practices, and climate all influence the growth of sika deer.
**Deer Farm Construction:**
A suitable site should be located on a slope facing south or southeast with a 5-degree incline, avoiding flood-prone or waterlogged areas. The farm must have sufficient feed land or a reliable supply of feed. Deer require about 350–400 kg of concentrate and 1,200–1,500 kg of roughage per year. Clean water sources are essential, and the farm should not be near industrial zones or contaminated areas. The layout should include production, auxiliary, administrative, and residential areas.
**Nutritional Needs and Feeds:**
Sika deer require a balanced diet consisting of roughage (hay, straw, leaves), green feeds (pasture, vegetables), concentrates (grains, legumes), root vegetables, and inorganic salts. Special supplements like urea, antibiotics, and single-cell proteins may also be used.
**Breeding Techniques:**
Proper feeding, regular feeding schedules, and maintaining stable diets are crucial. Breeding involves selecting suitable animals, identifying estrus, and managing breeding periods. High-quality personnel, optimal age structures, and careful selection of breeding stock are key to successful breeding.
**Disease Prevention and Control:**
A strict hygiene system includes proper feed and water management, housing sanitation, and disease control measures such as quarantine, immunization, and disinfection.
**Feeding and Management of Adult Male Deer:**
During the velvet period (April–August), males grow rapidly and require high-protein diets. After antler harvesting, feeding focuses on reducing sexual activity and preparing for winter. During winter, energy-rich feeds are necessary to maintain body condition.
**Feeding and Management of Does:**
Does enter a recovery phase after weaning, followed by a breeding period in late September to November. Proper nutrition and management during pregnancy and lactation are critical to ensure healthy offspring. Lactation requires high levels of protein, energy, and minerals to support milk production.
In summary, raising sika deer requires careful attention to their physiological needs, environmental conditions, and breeding practices. With proper care, these animals can thrive and contribute to both economic and cultural values.
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