How to keep rice seedlings and prevent dead seedlings

(1) Preserving Miao Miao Quan, Miao Qi, and Miao Zhuang is essential for achieving high yields in paddy rice. The success of dry-land rice cultivation largely depends on the ability to establish a full stand of seedlings. The topsoil in dry-cultivated fields is typically weak, and poor soil preparation or substandard sowing practices can lead to issues such as plant gaps and broken ridges. To mitigate these risks, it's crucial to select rice varieties that have strong topsoil development, drought tolerance, and rapid growth after irrigation. Dry land preparation requires careful attention to soil moisture levels—ideally between 40% and 45% of the field’s maximum water-holding capacity. Too wet or too dry conditions are unsuitable for planting, and uneven soil surface can also affect performance. Sowing quality involves several key factors: pre-sowing seed treatment, appropriate sowing dates, soil moisture content, seeding depth, and proper covering and pressing. Proper seed treatment enhances seed vigor, increases germination rates, and helps prevent diseases like rice blast and bakanae. This process includes drying, selecting, soaking, and germinating seeds—methods similar to those used in traditional paddy cultivation. Before mechanical sowing, branches and awns should be removed to avoid blockages. When using machinery, only the white tip of the sprout should be exposed to prevent damage to the bud. The timing of sowing depends on several factors. First, if the previous crop was winter-grown (like rapeseed or wheat), early sowing is recommended. Second, japonica varieties generally perform better when sown earlier than other types. In low-lying areas, spring sowing is preferred, but soil temperature must be considered to ensure good emergence. It's also important to align the sowing period with the local rainy season to maximize natural moisture and reduce the need for irrigation. The field should be well-prepared, with sufficient base moisture to support seedling growth. Soil moisture should be around 70% of its field capacity—neither too dry nor too wet. If there's no rain, irrigation should be applied appropriately to meet the needs of the emerging plants. After sowing, the soil should be evenly covered and compacted to ensure uniform seed depth and good seed-soil contact. This step, known as "repression," is vital for dry rice cultivation. It helps create a uniform seedbed, improves herbicide distribution, and enhances overall seedling establishment. In regions like Beijing, farmers often prepare the soil by plowing in autumn or winter, allowing frost to break up soil clods. In early spring, the soil is reworked to create a fine, even texture suitable for sowing. For fields with high organic matter and moisture, pest control is also critical. Pesticides such as carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, and phoxim are commonly used to protect seeds from pests like cockroaches and wireworms. (2) Early seedling death is a common issue in dry-land rice, especially when seedlings face challenges like salinity, poor soil structure, waterlogging, or drought. To prevent this, it's important to avoid planting on saline or poorly drained soils. Farmers should not use waterlogged or overly dry fields for sowing, as these conditions can lead to seedling loss. Before planting, adding organic and phosphate fertilizers helps improve soil structure and promotes deeper root development, enhancing drought resistance. During sowing, applying ammonium sulfate as a seed fertilizer can boost early growth and strengthen seedlings. It's also important not to overwater during the first few weeks after sowing, as excessive moisture can weaken the seedlings' ability to tolerate drought. If the seedlings become too stressed, their roots may struggle to adapt to a fully flooded environment, leading to further losses. Therefore, irrigation should be done carefully—starting with light watering and gradually increasing as the seedlings grow. A shallow water layer should be maintained to allow the roots to adjust slowly. Topdressing should be combined with irrigation to support healthy growth. By following these practices, farmers can significantly improve the survival and development of dry-land rice seedlings, ensuring a strong start to the growing season.

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