Papaya, commonly known as papaya, aka Wanshou fruit, has the reputation of “Lingnan good fruit†and has been cultivated in China for more than 300 years. In recent years, papaya ring mosaic virus disease has seriously affected the production of papaya. For this reason, my field combined local production of papaya cultivation techniques with high yield and quality for reference by the majority of melon farmers.
1. Select a new garden in the garden to be more than 100 meters away from the old garden, and pay attention to the thorough removal of old strains. It is best to choose a sheltered site, a high topography, a loose and loose soil, and a deep ditch to facilitate irrigation and drainage and keep the groundwater level below 50 cm from the ground.
2. Planting requires the use of autumn seedlings, which can be planted after the spring season from the end of February to the beginning of March. Cultivation methods should adopt a wide row, narrow spacing, spacing of 2.5m1.5m, and density of 150~200 plants/mu (if the land is fertile with 2.5m1.8m, when it is thinner, 2.3m1.5m can be used). Select high 20 cm high, stem diameter 0.6~0.8 cm, 7~9 true leaves, strong roots with strong seedlings. 10 kg deep-ripening organic fertilizer applied in each hole, 100 grams of phosphate fertilizer and 150 grams of compound fertilizer, avoiding a large number of roots when planting, and spraying rooted water, requiring no roots or water accumulation. Planting should not be too deep. It should be slightly deeper than the root neck, and it should be planted on cloudy days.
3. Field management
3.1. Nutrition Management Papaya in the vegetative phase of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 5:6:5; reproductive growth period is 4:8:8. The top dressing location should be applied on the outer edge of the canopy, ie outside the drip line, and the foliar fertilizer should be sprayed on a cloudy or late afternoon. (1) Fertilizer-promoting fertilizer: 10-15 days after planting, thin application of raw fertilizer is started, interval is 10-15 days, and mainly available nitrogen fertilizer is used, and 0.3%-0.5% concentration of urea foliar fertilizer or urea is often applied. Thin application to multiple applications, from thin to strong. (2) Flowering fertilizer: usually before and after 24~26 leaf buds (45 to 50 days after planting, ie before and after reproductive growth from June to July), heavy fertilizer should be applied in time for the formation of flower buds, and nitrogen fertilizer is still the main factor. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, 50 grams of urea per application, 25 grams of compound fertilizer, and 25 grams of potassium fertilizer. In addition, boron-deficient areas should also be sprayed with 0.5% borax or 3~5g borax per root to prevent tumors from occurring. (3) Strong fruit fertilizer: Into the flowering fruit period, in order to meet the needs of the base fruit development and top flowering and fruit setting, monthly heavy fertilization begins in mid-August. After the fruit is set, there is a combination of basal and inorganic fertilizers, with application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and less nitrogen fertilizer. When the peel is light green, spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2%~0.3% in time, which will help improve the fruit quality.
3.2. Soil management (1) Intertillage, weeding and earth-cultivation: Papaya is a shallow-rooted crop, and cultivating and weeding are carried out as early as 2 to 3 months after planting, and soil is properly cultivated at intervals to eliminate dewdrops, avoid soil loss, and increase soil. nutrition. Another effective method is to cover the mulch or hay to prevent the soil from scouring or hardening. In the spring, it will increase the humidity and prevent the accumulation of water and roots. The dry season will prevent the evaporation of water and lower the temperature. (2) Moisture management: Papaya needs more water during the period of vegetative growth and expansion, and this period coincides with autumn drought. Irrigation should be reasonably conducted to avoid poor growth due to water shortage. Irrigate 1 or 2 times a month to irrigate the sewers. The water should not exceed the height of the surface of the sorghum. The time should not exceed 1 hour. It is advisable to keep the soil moisture at about 70%.
3.3. Orchard management (1) Thinning and fruit thinning: Thinning and fruit thinning should be carried out on a sunny day to prevent pathogens from invading and to heal wounds quickly. Generally, there is one fruit for each leaf, and two for small fruit-type hermaphroditic plants. The fruit can be completely removed after the fruit is left till the beginning of September, so as to facilitate the concentration of nutrients for the early development of the fruit. (2) Lodging prevention measures: Because the papaya stems are tall and soft, and the roots are shallow and shallow. As a result, the tree body is heavy, so it is easy to fold. Therefore, it must be reinforced with nylon rope or bamboo or wood. At the same time, in the usual management of fertilizer and water, water conservation during the vegetative growth period will reduce the water table, and the basal fertilizer should also be applied under deep caverns, which is conducive to deep rooting and increased lodging resistance. (3) Pollination and ripening: Adopting artificial pollination not only improves the fruit setting rate but also promotes fruit development, thus increasing the single fruit weight. The method is to collect and apply the pollen distributed on the day to the stigma of the female stigma before 10:00 in the morning. During the dry season, maintaining a high air humidity in the garden is also conducive to fruit set. Papaya is naturally ripe and of better quality. If it ripens, it can be carried out when the skin turns green from green to yellowish green, with 1500-2000 times ethephon applied to the fruit surface. Do not apply to the handle, otherwise it will cause fruit drop.
3.4. Papaya harvested from flowering to maturity, short 110 days, long up to 210 days, such as premature harvest, the fruit is difficult to cook and the flavor is not the best; over ripe harvest is not resistant to storage and transport. The harvesting criterion is based on the change of fruit skin color to determine the fruit maturity. The change of peel color during fruit ripening: pinkish green → dark green → green → light green → yellowish green → yellow stripe → yellow expanded but the flesh is hard → the yellow flesh becomes soft. The yellow strips on the peels can be harvested until the whole fruit turns yellow. However, from the perspective of storage and transportation, it is better to collect yellow strips on the peel and the peels are not softened. The inherent flavor of papaya, and the peel solid, conducive to transport. However, when picking, it should be handled carefully, because the skin of the mature fruit is thin, soft and easy to bruise and affect the quality of the product.
4. Diseases and Insect Pests The main diseases are papaya ring spot mosaic disease, anthrax, powdery mildew, root rot, etc. The main insect pests are red spider, snail, and peach aphid.
4.1. Papaya ring spot mosaic virus disease The disease is characterized by viciousness, rapid spread, and serious damage. It has developed into a devastating disease in recent years. Control methods: (1) Select resistant varieties such as red peony root, red spike and so on. (2) Adjust the cultivation season to change the autumn planting into spring planting, strengthen management measures, and cultivate robust plants to improve resistance to disease. (3) Timely excavation of diseased plants, eradication of infestation, and proper isolation of old and new orchards. (4) Chemical control: The drug shall be used to treat warts, cut off the route of transmission, and spray regularly to eliminate warts. In the peak period of locust occurrence, it should be sprayed and prevented in a timely manner. In the initial stage of the disease, the disease and disease, virus A and virus K, 83 should be alternately sprayed. Antiviral agents such as stimulants are sprayed every 7-10 days.
4.2. Anthracnose occurs most frequently throughout the year, especially in autumn. The incidence of young fruit and ripe fruit is high. The disease can continue to be harmed during the storage and transportation of fruits. Control methods: (1) Thoroughly remove the diseased body, concentrate burned, and spray Bordeaux fluid to protect the fruit. (2) From August to September, spraying 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000-fold or extermination 500-fold or 50% carbendazim 800-fold for 3 to 4 times every 10 to 15 days. Manganese zinc, anthraquinone Fumei, can kill 2000, B phosphorus aluminum and other agents. (3) Timely fruit picking, avoiding over-harvesting, avoiding injury when picking, and spraying 1,000 times methylbutrazine 2 weeks before fruit picking, can play a role in preservation and preservation.
4.3. Papaya root rot mainly affects the root neck and roots, and seedlings and young seedlings that are newly colonized are susceptible to disease. In particular, excessive moisture in the seedlings and cultivated land or poor drainage causes water accumulation, and the soil is more viscous and more susceptible to the disease. At the beginning of the disease, the plants were water-stained at the base of the stem, browned and rotted, and withered, the plants withered, and the roots became brown and necrotic. Control methods: Ventilation, ventilation, light transmission, low humidity, seedlings, and planting areas should be well drained to prevent water accumulation and continuous cropping; 70% of the enemy can be controlled by Dixon 1000 times, and 5% by carbendazim 500 times. Or root rot and other soaking roots.
4.4. Starscream can be controlled by acaricides such as chlorhexidine 73%, 1500-2000 times, 1000-fold dicofol and 1000-times.
4.5. Snails mainly feed on seedlings, tender hearts and flower buds. The damage is severe between April and June each year, and small areas can be captured manually. The medicament can be used to trap and kill the pyrimidine.
4.6. Myzus persicae is one of the main insect vectors for the spread of papaya ring mosaic virus disease. Killing aphids is an important measure to prevent the occurrence of the disease. The use of agents: 50% Bataan 1000 times, 40% Dimethoate 1000 times, 50% anti-influx 2000 ~ 3000 times and other spray.
4.7. In addition, the common diseases of papaya are: the disease can be used Propolis, Rhizobium, Garrinong, gram of frost and other agents to control; powdery mildew can be used colloidal sulfur, Weiwei Granules, triadimefon, eye fungicide and other agents; Tumor disease is caused by lack of boron, and boron can be added.
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