I. Maize Precision Broadcasting Mechanization Technology
1. Overview of mechanized technologies for spring sowing of finely seeded maize The precision seeding technique of maize is a customary term for precision seeding of whole plant spacing, precision sowing of semi-plant spacing or shrinkage, and semi-precision sowing, which saves seed usage and achieves high-yielding sowing methods. The basic implication of precision sowing is the use of machinery to seed a defined number of crop seeds into the soil according to the position (row spacing, spacing, depth) required by the agronomic cultivator, and then to appropriately suppress a new mechanized cultivation technique. There are three commonly used corn finesse techniques.
(1) Precise sowing of whole plant is characterized by single grain seeding, neat seedling emergence, good consistency, no deficiency, suitable for corn fields with good soil conditions, high seed purity, high germination rate and guaranteed pest and disease control measures Piece.
(2) Semi-planting or shrinkage precision sowing refers to planting at half or more than half the planting distance required for corn planting. Popularly speaking, it is appropriate to reduce the plant spacing and sow the corn in a precise sowing manner so that the actual number of seeds sown is higher than required. Slightly larger planting density, early prevention due to seed quality, insect bite and other factors affecting the problem of incomplete emergence after sowing, if lack of seedlings, seedlings can be used before and after the complement. It is characterized by a high rate of seedling conservation, low consumption of seedlings, and a neat and tidy seedling. Although some seeds are used, it is possible to avoid fears that the farmers may not be fully seedlings.
(3) Semi-precision sowing is based on the preservation and seeding sowing method where the single seed and double seeds per seedling account for more than 70% of the total sowing amount, and the number of seed per seedling is 1-3, so as to prevent the seeds from sowing. Defects and lack of seedlings caused by insect bite after sowing, the sowing rate per unit area is similar to the sowing of narrower planting distances. It is characterized by allowing more than one seedling to grow in more than one hole, so there is a phenomenon of seedlings fighting for water. When the seedlings are laborious and easy to injure the remaining seedlings.
2. Maize precision sowing mechanization technology production mechanism Precision sowing technology applied to corn cultivation is based on the premise that the crop can grow normally and meet the requirements of cultivation technology, the number of per unit area, and reduce the amount per unit area to an appropriate degree. Produce robust and orderly plants, eventually gaining production, and increasing productivity are as follows:
(1) Proper close planting is the basis for high yield. The reasonable density of crops is determined through scientific experiments based on the specific conditions of crop varieties, field soil fertility and other production conditions. Routine production is achieved by seeding at a seeding rate greater than the plant's reasonable density and replanting seedlings. Miaomiao is a kind of work procedure to stay small, stay weak and stay strong. It needs to be done when the seedlings grow to four or five leaves. Due to the large density of regular sowing and irregularities, there will inevitably be a situation where two seedlings and multiple seedlings are crowded together. The underground roots also cross each other. If we go to weak ones, we must hurt them. The injury needs to be restored. The injured seedling grows in the field, and the injury affects the growth rate. If the injury is serious, if it encounters drought, the strong seedling will turn into a weak strain, and even death will result in seedling deficiency. Precision sowing is based on high-precision machinery once broadcast, can not seedlings or very few seedlings, greatly reducing the harm to the growth of crop seedlings.
(2) The planting density is determined by the row spacing and the spacing of the rows of sown seeds. Using a precision seeder to sow the corn, the pass rate of the grain (plant) spacing can reach more than 85%, and the seeding depth (overburden thickness) can reach more than 95%. It is conducive to neat and consistent seedlings (of course, the seeds are selected).
(3) The seeds are sown accurately, and the nutrients taken after soil sowing are balanced. This reduces the phenomenon of mutual fertilization and water harvesting when the sprouts are developed. In this way, the finely seeded crops are neat, uniform and distributed, and the situation of strong seedlings and bullies is not It will happen that every single plant grows and develops in a similar environment. The differences between strong seedlings and weak seedlings are not prominent among the plants. The individual plant's own production capacity is basically displayed, and the population productivity reaches a higher level.
The use of corn seeding technology can significantly save the amount of seed used, compared with the traditional artificial sowing volume, generally can reduce the amount of corn seeds in 15-22.5kg per hectare, and can save more than half of the seedlings labor. As Miao Qi Miao Zhuang has laid the foundation for the increase of maize production, if the field management measures in the latter stage can not keep up with the impact of large or no major disasters, the yield per hectare can generally be increased by more than 375 kg.
3. Mechanized Techniques Related to Maize Precision Sowing Techniques Mechanical Deep-cultivation and Pressurized Soil Preparation Technology Corn is a well-developed root crop. To make corn grow well, it is necessary to create good soil conditions for corn. Therefore, it is advisable to perform deep plowing on the sowing fields. . Cultivated land uses a combination of turning and ploughing methods (a land with a deep plowing base can be plowed and ploughed). Plowing should be done with a depth of 22-25cm, consistent tillage depth, no ploughing, no running, no turning and no sticking after turning, tight coverage of rakes, and small and flat opening and closing ridges. After the ploughing operations, disc harrows, V-type roller compactors, and pincers and rakes are used to carry out pressure and soil preparation, so that the land can reach Qi, Loose, Flat, Flat, Net, and Shred, and the soil layer is formed. Virtual soil thickness 8-10cm is appropriate, in order to facilitate water conservation and protection of spring drought, so as to ensure the quality of sowing, and thus improve the seedling effect and quality of seedlings. In view of the different technical requirements in the fields, as long as the soil conditions for corn growth are well established, the methods of cultivating, tilling, and pressing can be determined in combination with the local actual conditions.
(2) The selection of seed varieties for sowing should be determined based on the conditions of soil, fertility, moisture, climate, accumulated temperature and other conditions. For the annual accumulative temperature between 3000 and 31000C, mid-late-maturing varieties should be used in areas with sufficient rainfall, fertile soil and long frost-free periods; medium-early-maturing corn varieties should be selected in areas with accumulated temperature between 2800 and 30000C, short precipitation and short frost-free periods.
After the quality is selected, the seeds should be inspected for seeds with a purity of not less than 98%, a purity of not less than 97%, a germination rate as high as 95%, a water content of about 14%, and seeds that do not meet the requirements. Debris selection and dehydration treatment should be performed before sowing; make it meet the requirements.
(3) Timely sowing operation The local temperature can reach and stabilize at 8-12 degrees before it can begin sowing. At this time the soil moisture content (0-10cm soil layer) should be about 13%. According to soil fertility, water and other fertility conditions and the characteristics of the selected species, according to the agronomic requirements of planting density per unit area to determine the seeding amount and row spacing, and adjust the fine sowing equipment accordingly. When using the precision seeding equipment, it can meet the precision seeding requirements of the whole plant spacing and narrower plant spacing, the sowing single grain rate shall not be less than 90%, the semi-precision seeding rate and double grain rate shall be more than 70%, and the mechanical breaking rate during the sowing process shall not exceed 0.5%, the porosity is less than 1%. Sowing operations should be consistent with the sowing depth. After sowing, the soil should be covered tightly and the seeds should be brought into contact with the soil in a timely manner to ensure emergence.
(4) Appropriate fertilizer application Promote the use of organic farmyard fertilizer as base fertilizer. Base fertilizer should be spread evenly on the surface before ploughing and then ploughed into the soil. The use of chemical fertilizers as base fertilizers deepens the application of fertilizers to the soil through deep equipment. Commonly used deep-fertilizer has two methods. One is to use it as a one-time application of base fertilizer; the other is to apply sufficient fertilizer to the seed when sowing. The isolation zone between the chemical fertilizer applied deep and the corn seed should be greater than 6cm to prevent the seed fertilizer from mixing and pouring. One-time application of full-scale quantified fertilizers will eliminate the mid-tillage cultivation work, and the deeper application will also significantly improve the fertilizer efficiency. The deep-applied fertilizer should have a suitable proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus. For the zinc-deficient soil, it should be sprayed on the diammonium phosphate. Zinc sulfate, applied after drying.
(5) Prevention and control of pests and diseases Due to the small amount of fine seeds sown in the field, the elimination of field pests biting seedlings and the prevention of seedling stage disease are the key to ensure the application of precision seeding technology. Therefore, effective measures must be taken to prevent and control pests and diseases. The commonly used method is to conduct pesticide seed dressing (or soaking) treatment before sowing or to sow poisoned or poisoned soil mixed with seeds during sowing, so as to trap and kill pests and prevent diseases.
4. Introduction to typical machine tools There are many types of machine tools that are suitable for popularizing maize sowing and sowing mechanization technology, which can be used by production units and farmers in different regions and different planting scales. Many places use 2BY-6 precision seeders for planting corn, soybeans, and other crops, and their quality of work and use are good. The machine is composed of six sowing monomers, and the seeding device adopts a mechanical tilting spoon wheel seeding device. When the inclined seeding spoon rotates, each of the teaspoon pulls out several seeds from the seed pile. When the teaspoon moves up to a certain angle, the excess seed falls due to its own weight, and the remaining one seed is sent to the teeth of the seed wheel (the seed wheel rotates synchronously with the spoon wheel), and finally it is sent to the lower seed outlet. Into the ditch. The machine is equipped with two sizes of corn scoop wheel and soybeans, sorghum and other crop seedlings for optional use.
Commonly used models in popularization include: 71-3 type air-suction seeder; 2BF-2 side-charge seeder; 2BQ-6(4, 2) air-suction seeder cultivator; stubble-covered no-tillage sowing Machine; 2BF-2 general cultivator seeder; 2BF-1 fertilizer sowing machine. In the above-mentioned implements, there are many devices for deep-fertilizing chemical fertilizers, which can complete many operations such as ditching, fertilizing, sowing, earth-covering, and repression. These machines have good sowing quality and applicability, and besides precision sowing of corn, they are also suitable for sowing soybeans, sorghum and other crops. After the 70-2 type single seeder is equipped with precise seed trays, the precision sowing operation is also effective.
Second, summer sowing maize no-tillage sowing mechanization technology
1. Overview In order to improve the output per unit area per year in the north of China, the agronomical cultivation technology focuses on increasing the multiple cropping index, and vigorously promote intercropping, which is regarded as an effective measure to increase production. As farmers gradually adopt agricultural machinery to replace the traditional manual and animal husbandry farming methods, intercropping and interplanting cultivation patterns have, to a certain extent, brought about many limitations to the full display of the advantages of mechanized operations, thus proposing whether or not wheat and corn can be implemented. The problem of crops cropping, that is, the receipt of wheat seedlings, maize seedlings and wheat seedlings, will not affect the crops in the two seasons, so that the popularization and application of mechanization technology. Summer sowing maize no-tillage sowing mechanization technology effectively solved this problem.
The technology is aimed at the actual production of continuous cropping of wheat and corn, and solves the problem of the convergence of two crops. It realizes the flat cropping of winter and summer crops, and it has obtained the effect of increasing production and increasing income. This technology has also created conditions for the implementation of two crops a year in many three-year-old areas, which has changed grain production from “three-three to nine†to “two-hundred five-hundred,†and has increased production per unit area. After years of improvement, this technology has gradually formed two major technologies: First, a small amount of hard-to-ground goblets with no-tillage direct sowing mechanization technology for summer corn, and the other is the development of improved summer corn no-tillage coverage based on hard-seeded sowing techniques. Deep fertilization precision sowing mechanization technology.
No-tillage, hard-trenching, direct sowing, direct sowing, summer corn, mechanized technical features is the use of hard-sowing seeder to directly sow corn on the post-harvest no-tillage wheat stubble field, and to deepen the application of fertilizer, sowing, earth covering and other operations once completed.
The characteristics of deep sowing and precision seeding mechanization technology of no-tillage corn in summer sowing are characterized in that no arable land, no ground, no clearing of the front buckwheat stalks and rice dumplings before sowing, so that they can be sown on the ground surface to sow the corn, and simultaneously complete the deep application of chemical fertilizers, spraying and weeding. Agents and other operations are completed once, and they do not cultivate till mature during the corn growth period. The following will mainly introduce the basic conditions of deep sowing and precision sowing mechanization technology for no-tillage coverage of summer sowing maize. Hard-sound fine-sounding technology is only based on the conditions properly omitted some technical content.
2. Mechanism of increasing production of mechanization technology for no-tillage coverage and sowing in summer sowing maize (1) The mechanism of yield increase of this technology is basically similar to that of corn sowing, and it can also be used for harvesting corn as a result of harvesting without cropping. When maximizing the competition for agriculture, the accumulated accumulated temperature was increased, and the conditions for increasing the yield and improving the quality of corn were created (in contrast to traditional planting techniques, it is not necessary to plant some early-maturing corn with poor quality but without affecting the type of wheat).
Using this technology, corn can be harvested while harvesting. The consumption of crops between crops is reduced, fine seeding is not necessary, seedlings are reduced, opportunities for external artificial seedlings are reduced, differences between strong and weak seedlings are not obvious, and the growth in the later period tends to be consistent. The utilization of light and heat resources is well balanced. Compared with the conventional sowing, the emergence of 2-3 days early, mature 3-5 days ahead of time, so that it is possible to change the species with a longer growth period, to achieve increased production, improve quality, increase revenue has a reliable basis.
(2) No-tillage coverage also enhances the ability to hold water in the field. No ploughing of the soil during sowing effectively reduces the evaporation of water. The grasshopper protection and its ability to resist drought is much higher than that of other farming methods; the covered stalks increase the acceptance of rainwater. ability. From the northern region, the sown corn began to enter the rainy season after emergence, and the no-tillage cover land provided a good place for the propagation and growth of soil organisms and microbes such as earthworms. The natural pores formed by the decay of the root bark of wheat were also beneficial to the flow of water. The resistance to warts has also improved.
(3) Straw mulching and uncleared roots remain in the ground. If it persists year after year, rotted straw and rice dumplings will be added to the soil as organic matter. For a place that is cooked two years a year, it is a simple and economical way to maintain or restore the land, and to a certain extent, it will greatly benefit the cultivation of soil.
All these have created conditions for increasing production.
3, the main technical content This technology focuses on four operational aspects, namely no-tillage, cover, deep chemical fertilizer and precision sowing. As the name implies, no-till refers to the operation of the wheat field to plough the land; the cover refers to the stalks and scorpions left on the surface after the wheat is harvested to form a cover on the surface, eliminating clear operations; When sowing corn, adequate amounts of chemical fertilizers are applied to the soil in suitable locations for crop production development. Precision sowing refers to that the sown corn can be accurately sown to the position required for cultivation, and seeds can be delivered at the same time without the need for seedlings. In addition to the operations of the above four key links, it is also necessary to ensure that operations such as breaking trenches, digging off grass, preventing plugging after planting, covering earth after sowing, and repressing are completed.
This technology is composed of no-tillage and cover planting technology, machinery use technology and corresponding supporting management technologies. It includes the harvesting, straw and residue treatment of the former crop, that is, wheat. Chemical fertilizers, seed treatment, precision sowing, irrigation and irrigation, chemical weeding, and prevention of pests and weeds have a complete set of technical content.
4. Points for technical implementation (1) The former glutinous wheat should be adapted to the cultivation of glutinous corn after planting. 1 The cultivars of wheat planting should be matched with the operating width required for no-tillage mulching sowing, preferably 4.2 m 畦, 2.1 m. can. And do so flat surface;
2 The wheat varieties should use dwarf resistant lodging varieties to reduce the amount of straw and facilitate the smooth passage of the corn planter.
3 Watering the wheat 3-7 days before harvesting, and at the same time, make a good bottom for corn timely planting. In general, the soil is heavy and heavy, and the soil is loose.
4 Insects must be thoroughly controlled during the wheat production period. Herbicides should be sprayed in spring to suppress or eliminate weeds.
(3) Treat the wheat straw and rice dumplings so as to evenly cover the surface of the harvested wheat. If the combine harvester with the comminution straw device is used, the spraying can be done uniformly and reach the coverage requirements; if other methods are adopted, the straw needs to be crushed The machine grinds the wheat straw and throws it evenly.
(4) The no-tillage-covered planter dedicated to fertilizing and seeding operations at one time can complete the operations before and after sowing one machine at a time. Therefore, fertilizers with high active ingredient content, low volatility, and good fluidity should be used for fertilized varieties. , such as diammonium phosphate, urea and ammonium sulfate and other granular fertilizers, so that the total amount of fertilizer that needs to be added in the corn growth period, about 70%, will be applied to the soil once sowing; the depth of the trench breaking is not less than 12cm; The isolation layer between the chemical fertilizer and the seeds sown in synchronization is greater than 4cm; the opening of the seed fertilizer should be narrow so that the covered straw can be distributed to both sides of the furrow and does not cover the seed furrows. Light and ventilation; seeding depth control between 4 - 5cm, immediately after sowing compaction to facilitate germination (5) appropriate timely spraying of chemical herbicides and pesticides due to corn after sowing without cultivator, it needs to sow three days Spraying chemical herbicides within the area, commonly used Atra spray amount. For lands with large grasses, 20% paraquat water (3000-3750ml/ha) or 10% glyphosate (6000-7500ml/hm2) can be added to combat grass; Insects with more than 5 plots should also be supplemented with insecticides (the types and dosages of pesticides can be selected under the guidance of plant protection professionals).
(6) depending on the amount of soil moisture in the sown plots, timely watering after appropriate sowing of corn, if the bottom pods are insufficient, affecting the seed germination and seedling emergence hydration.
(7) Pay attention to topdressing during corn production and select top dressing fertilizer. During the growth period of corn, quick-acting granular fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate and urea should be used, and they should be evenly distributed around the roots of corn; volatile ammonia should be grabbed by ammonia. Apply to the corn roots before the rain or rain.
5, commonly used models summer maize no-tillage coverage of deep fertilization precision broadcast mechanization technology commonly used models are: 2BQM-6 and 2BQM-6D two mature models. In addition, the 2BQ-6 precision seed drill can also be reformed according to the technical requirements for no-tillage coverage. The work machines currently seen are all large-scale and must be equipped with high-power tractors such as Dong-75 (802).
The models available for the summer corn hard loquat live broadcast technology are:
(1) 2BK-2 Ditch Drilling Machine This machine uses 8.8-10KW tractor as supporting power, ditching plow is plough-type, width of ditch is 14-18cm, and it has a certain function of killing grass; Type; opener for boring knife type. The power is transmitted by the rear pressure roller through the chain, and the depth limit wheel can adjust the depth of the ditch. The aircraft structure is relatively simple and affordable. Disadvantages are large traction resistance, wide open widths, which lead to easy running in dry years, and prone to “buds†in rainy years; poor reliability in the transmission of repression wheels, and the need to observe whether power transmission is normal during operations.
(2) 2BM-3 type no-tillage seeder This machine adopts a slasher-type opener, which is narrow and deep, and uses a disc type opener for sowing the opener, so it is not easy to hang weeds and wheat straw; The working principle of the side filling type seeding mechanism is long enough for seeding, and the seeds are reliable; the deep application of chemical fertilizers can broadcast granular fertilizer; the two ground wheels are set to limit the depth of the ditch, and also to arrange seed and row fertilizers. Provide power. The inadequacies are heavy equipment and poor longitudinal stability during transportation.
(3) 2BTS-3(4) corn planter This machine adopts the cleaver type opener, the depth of the ditch is 3-8cm, the width is 4-8cm, chooses the nest type metering device, the power is from the front The ground wheel provides randomly installed chemical fertilizers.
6. Cost-effectiveness highlights no-till fine-seeding technology sowing maize so that the use of seed per hectare is at least 15 kg more than conventional seeding, and the time spent on seedlings is greatly reduced or even no seedlings are needed. The elimination of cultivator operations after chemical weeding saves manpower And material input. In addition, the use of multiple processes and one machine to complete the operation at one time can save about 15kg per hectare of diesel fuel consumption compared to the machine's multiple operations. The actual application results show that the increase in corn production is generally above 10% (mainly compared with high-yield corn fields), and the efficiency of cost-saving efficiency is outstanding.
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