Rose black spot is a widespread fungal disease that affects roses globally. It primarily targets the leaves, but can also spread to petioles, veins, shoots, and buds. In the early stages, small brown spots appear on the upper surface of the leaves and gradually grow into round, nearly circular, or irregularly shaped black-purple lesions. The edges of these spots often show a radial pattern. As the disease progresses, the center of the lesions turns grayish, with tiny black structures called conidiomata forming on them—these are the spore-producing structures of the pathogen.
In certain rose varieties, the area surrounding the lesions may turn yellow, while some species develop a green zone between the yellow tissue and the lesion, known as "green islands." Over time, the lesions merge, causing the entire leaf to yellow and eventually fall off. On young shoots, the lesions appear as purple-brown, elongated oval spots that later darken and slightly rise above the surface. Similar lesions can be found on the petioles and veins. On buds, the lesions are typically purple-brown and oval in shape.
To manage rose black spot effectively, it's important to take proactive measures. First, remove and destroy infected leaves promptly to prevent the spread of the fungus. In early spring, when new leaves begin to develop or at the first signs of infection, apply a fungicide such as 45% Thiabendazole (Texaco) diluted to 500–600 times, or 70% chlorothalonil wettable powder at a 500-fold dilution. Alternate between these two products for better results. Treatments should be applied every 7 to 10 days, and repeating the application three or more times can significantly improve control. Notably, chlorothalonil alone tends to be more effective than carbendazim in managing this disease. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are key to keeping your roses healthy and vibrant.
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Sildenafil is a selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (CGMP) - specific phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) and an oral drug for the treatment of ED. The physiological mechanism of normal penile erection involves the release of nitric oxide (no) during sexual stimulation. Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase in the smooth muscle cells of the corpus cavernosum, which leads to the increase of cGMP level, resulting in the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum, the expansion of the cavernous sinus and the inflow of blood. Erectile dysfunction is mainly due to the dysfunction of smooth muscle relaxation of corpus cavernosum. Sildenafil has no direct relaxation effect on human sponges in vitro, but can enhance the effect of nitric oxide by inhibiting the decomposition of cGMP by PDE5 in sponges. Sildenafil can inhibit PDE5, increase cGMP level, relax smooth muscle of corpus cavernosum and let blood flow into corpus cavernosum. Studies have shown that erectile response increases with the increase of dose and plasma concentration, and the efficacy can last for 4 hours (but is weaker than that at 2 hours).
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