How to prevent and control Artemisia halodendron

Experts have noted that downy mildew caused by *Artemisia halodendron* is triggered by the infestation of flagellin, a subgroup within the subphylum *Armillaria spp.* The pathogen persists in the field through residual mycelium left behind after infected plants are removed. In the following spring, when environmental conditions become favorable, the sporangia formed by these mycelia are dispersed via wind and rainwater splashes onto the leaves of garland chrysanthemum. Upon reaching the host, the sporangia produce zoospores or germ tubes, which then penetrate the plant through stomata or the epidermis. This initial infection leads to the formation of lesions, with the pathogen producing new sporangia at the site of infection. These sporangia spread further through wind and rain, resulting in repeated infections. *Artemisia halodendron* primarily affects *Artemisia selengensis*, making it one of the most significant diseases impacting this species. The disease mainly targets the leaves, with symptoms typically beginning on the lower foliage and progressing upward. Initially, small, pale yellow-green spots appear at the leaf tips. As the infection spreads, the lesions become irregular in shape, with indistinct margins. A white, downy layer often develops on the affected areas—this is the visible sporangia of the pathogen. During dry periods, the leaves may turn yellow, and in severe cases, multiple lesions merge, leading to a yellowish-brown discoloration that ultimately causes the leaves to wither and die. To manage this disease, several preventive and control measures are recommended. First, crop rotation is essential. Infected fields should be rotated with other crops for 2–3 years to reduce pathogen buildup in the soil. Second, proper field management plays a key role. Deep plowing, appropriate planting density, balanced fertilization, timely irrigation, and efficient drainage after rainfall can help lower humidity levels and minimize disease occurrence. Third, thorough field sanitation is crucial. After harvest, all diseased plant material should be promptly removed and the soil deeply tilled to speed up decomposition. Lastly, chemical control is often necessary. In the early stages of infection, fungicides should be applied every 7–10 days, with 2–3 applications typically required. Spraying must be thorough, especially on the underside of leaves, and care should be taken to apply the solution before rain. It's also important to alternate fungicides to prevent resistance. Recommended options include 72% Kexin wettable powder (1000g per acre), 72.2% mancozeb wettable powder diluted 1000 times (100g per acre), 58% Ledomil-Manganese Zinc wettable powder (1000 times, 100g per acre), 80% Shandesheng WP diluted 600–800 times (150–180g per acre), 75% chlorothalonil WP diluted 600 times (165g per acre), and 25% metalaxyl wettable powder diluted 800 times (125g per acre).

Medicine Peptides

Medicine Peptides and protein drugs are emerging. There are now 35 important therapeutics on the market, and the development of biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies is becoming increasingly global. Biotechnology drug research focuses on the application of DNA recombinant technology to develop peptides, proteins, enzymes, hormones, vaccines, cell growth factors and monoclonal antibodies that can be used in clinical applications. According to Parexl's Pharmaceutical R&D Statistical Source Book, there are currently 723 biotech drugs under FDA review (including phase â…° to iii clinical and FDA evaluation), 700 drugs are in early stage (research and preclinical). More than 200 additional drugs are in the final stage of approval (Phase iii clinical and FDA evaluation). The basic dosage form of biotech drugs is lyophilized. Although the efficacy of conventional preparations has long been clinically proven, they need to be injected frequently for a long time due to their short half-life, which is difficult to accept from the perspective of psychological and economic burden on patients. To this end, scholars around the world mainly from two aspects to study and develop convenient and reasonable drug delivery approaches and new preparations: (1) embedment agent and sustained-release injection. â‘¡ Non-injectable dosage forms, such as respiratory inhalation, rectal administration, nasal administration, oral administration and transdermal administration, etc. Injectable preparations of sustained-release biotechnological drugs are new dosage forms with promising applications. Some of them, such as microsphere injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues which can be sustained-release for 1 to 3 months, have been on the market. This paper focuses on this kind of preparations.Main types of peptides and protein drug sustained-release preparations The research and development of peptides and protein drug sustained-release preparations can be divided into two types, namely, embedment agent and microsphere injection, from the perspective of development process and dosage form. The shape of the implant is a hollow micro-fine rod, one end is closed, the other end is open, and the rod material is non-biodegradable polymer such as ptfe. The lumen was filled with a mixture of drugs and silica gel (silastic, polydimethylsiloxane). The implant is embedded under the skin, and the drug is released slowly through the opening of silica gel matrix. The American Physicians' Handbook (PDR) contains a product called Norplant? Levo-18 ethyl norethinnes, used in family planning. The preparation, each with a diameter of 2.4 mm and a length of 34 mm, is surgically implanted in the inner side of the patient's upper arm with 6 thin rods. The drug can be released in the body in zero-grade mode for up to 5 years, and then removed by surgery after release,1.1.2 Micro-osmotic pump embedding agent The United States Alza company in the 1970s developed an embedding agent shaped like a capsule, which is embedded in the skin or other parts. The body fluid can penetrate through the shell, dissolve the interlayer electrolytic layer, make the volume expansion of the interlayer pressure to the plastic inner cavity, and promote the drug solution from the opening of the fixed speed release. Many biomolecular drugs, such as insulin, heparin and nerve growth factor, have been reported as model drugs in vivo and in vitro. Implants have positive significance for the treatment of chronic patients who need long-term medication, but it has the following defects: â‘  must be surgically implanted. â‘¡ The skeleton material of the preparation is non-biodegradable polymer, which needs to be removed by surgery after release. â‘¢ The preparation has irritation and discomfort in local tissues. Evaluation methods for polypeptide protein drugs: 1. Liquid chromatography 2. Spectroscopic 3. Solvent-based versions are easy to use, but need to be kept at low temperatures (2-8 degrees Celsius).

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