Frost damage is one of the most significant weather-related threats to tea plants. When tea trees are exposed to cold temperatures, it can negatively impact both the yield and quality of the tea. In severe cases, it may lead to leaf loss or even the death of the entire plant. Freezing damage in tea plants can be categorized into two types: wintering frost injury and freezing period frost injury. The latter has the greatest effect on the quality and yield of spring tea in the same year.
To prevent winter frost damage, proper management during the growing season is essential. Farmers should focus on balanced fertilization and pest control, ensuring that the tea plants grow vigorously. This helps them accumulate more organic matter and build up their resistance to low temperatures. In autumn and winter, applying base fertilizers—especially organic ones—can help raise soil temperature and improve overall resilience.
During the dormant period, it's also important to prepare the soil by removing loose soil from barren areas and leveling the roots. This encourages deeper root development, which helps retain moisture and heat, promoting healthier growth and better cold resistance.
The timing of leaf removal in high-altitude tea gardens plays a crucial role in preventing frost damage. Leaving leaves too long in late autumn makes them soft and vulnerable to frost. It's best to remove the leaves at the end of the spring harvest or the beginning of summer, when the leaves have matured and developed stronger cold tolerance, helping the plants survive the winter more effectively.
Tea plants themselves can act as natural frost protectors. Tea gardens with dense vegetation can increase winter temperatures by 1–2°C compared to those without, reducing the depth of frozen soil and maintaining better soil moisture levels.
In autumn, intercropping with winter green manures between tea bushes can help warm the soil and reduce frost damage. These green manures can later be used as fertilizer in spring. Suitable options include legumes like peas, wolfberries, and others.
Establishing windbreaks around tea gardens can significantly improve the microclimate by reducing wind speed, regulating temperature, and minimizing evaporation. In mountainous tea plantations, planting protective forest belts at the windward side can help shield the tea plants from cold waves.
For late frosts, which greatly affect the production of premium teas, several preventive measures can be taken. One effective method is using smoke fumigation, where small fires are lit before a frost event to create a "greenhouse effect" and prevent heat loss. Another method involves spraying water to cover the buds and wash away frost. Covering the plants with straw, weeds, or shade nets is also an effective way to protect them from cold.
Other methods used in foreign tea gardens include air supply systems (fans installed in the field), water spray freezing techniques, and heating systems to maintain shoot temperatures above freezing.
When frost damage occurs, timely remedial actions are essential. Pruning damaged parts of the tea tree is crucial to prevent regrowth from frozen shoots. However, over-pruning can delay new growth and affect yields, so it must be done carefully. Light pruning after spring tea harvesting can allow for earlier bud development and earlier tea picking.
After frost damage, shallow plowing and fertilization should be carried out promptly. Applying extra nitrogen, along with phosphorus and potassium, can help restore the plant's health. Foliar sprays can also be used to stimulate growth and recovery.
Cultivating the canopy after light frost damage helps maintain the plant structure and allows for the use of higher-quality tea. For severely damaged plants, heavy pruning and careful management are necessary.
Finally, in areas where waterlogging occurs due to poor drainage, it’s important to clear ditches and lower the groundwater level as soon as possible to prevent further damage.
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