Artificial insemination in Chinese geese was introduced relatively late, but it has gained increasing importance as the waterfowl industry becomes more intensive. In a highly competitive goose market, reducing production costs—especially breeding costs—is crucial for improving economic efficiency. Artificial insemination can increase the breeding ratio of geese by three times, meaning that up to 75% fewer goslings are needed, significantly boosting the utilization of high-quality male geese and minimizing the spread of genital diseases during natural mating. It also improves egg fertilization rates and enhances the overall profitability of goose farming.
First, the selection and training of male geese is essential. About 15 to 30 days before the training period, healthy, vigorous male and female geese with strong libido should be raised separately. During the training, the feathers around the cloaca (approximately 5–7 cm in diameter) are trimmed. Using a massage method to extract sperm, mature and healthy males are trained once or twice daily for 5 to 7 days. Any male geese showing weak sexual reflexes, poor penis development, low sperm quality, or insufficient volume should be removed promptly.
Second, the semen collection technique is critical. The best method involves back-to-back massage. The operator uses their left palm to stroke the back of the goose from the wing base to the tail 4–5 times. Then, the left hand gently presses the tail area while the right hand rhythmically massages the abdomen. This process gradually stimulates the cloaca, encouraging the male’s penis to emerge. Once fully erect, the cloaca is slightly squeezed to release the semen, which is collected in a container facing upward.
Third, understanding the characteristics of the semen is important. Normal, uncontaminated semen appears milky and opaque. If it contains blood, it turns pink; if contaminated with feces, it becomes yellow-brown and is unsuitable for use. The average ejaculation volume ranges from 0.1 to 1.38 ml, varying based on age, season, and individual differences. High-quality semen is stored at around 37°C and examined under a microscope at 200–400x magnification. Sperm motility should be between 0.7 and 0.9, and sperm density can reach up to 1 billion per ml. After dilution with 3% sodium chloride solution, the concentration is measured using a hemacytometer. Quality checks ensure better fertilization rates and help guide proper feeding and management of breeding males.
Fourth, semen dilution and preservation play a key role in extending sperm viability. Dilution increases the volume of semen, provides nutrients, and reduces lactic acid damage. Common diluents include 0.9% saline or solutions containing 300–500 units/ml of antibiotics. The dilution ratio is typically 1:1 to 1:3, with a final live sperm count of 300–400 million per ml.
Fifth, the insemination technique involves several steps. A 1 ml tuberculin syringe is used. The female goose is secured, and the cloaca is gently opened. The inseminator inserts the syringe into the cloaca, about 5–7 cm deep, and slowly injects the semen. The timing is best between 4:00 and 6:00 PM, when eggs are less likely to be fully formed, allowing better sperm penetration. Insemination is usually done every 5–6 days, with 0.1–0.2 ml of semen per session, achieving over 80% fertilization rates.
Finally, several precautions must be followed. All equipment must be sterilized, and dilutions should be prepared in a pressure cooker and cooled naturally. Water should be withheld for 3–5 hours before collection to reduce contamination. Only trained personnel should handle the process, and smoking, bright lights, and temperature fluctuations must be avoided. The entire process from collection to insemination should not exceed 90 minutes. Air bubbles in the syringe must be removed, and the insertion depth should be precise to avoid spillage or embryo loss. Sick geese should be isolated, and the equipment should be cleaned after each use to prevent infections.
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