Under the guidance of the Provincial Agricultural Technology Extension Station, the Suibin County Agricultural Technology Extension Center in Heilongjiang Province has developed a comprehensive set of cultivation techniques for 45 cm double-seeding soybean farming through years of experimentation and demonstration. This method integrates the benefits of ridge cultivation and flat-field cultivation, offering an efficient and productive approach to soybean farming. Below are the detailed steps involved in this technique.
1. **Variety Selection and Seed Treatment**
Choosing the right soybean variety is crucial for successful 45 cm double-seeding. The selected varieties should have a suitable growth period, strong resistance to lodging, high yield potential, and good disease and pest resistance. Currently, the most recommended varieties include Tengnong No.5, Hongfeng No.11, Heinong No.35, Hefeng No.35, and Cainong No.19. Seeds must be carefully selected using two screenings—first with 6 mm and then with 8 mm screens—and further sorted using a belt or screw-type machine. After selection, the seeds should be coated with a seed dressing agent and dried to prevent diseases like root rot and root maggots.
2. **Site Selection and Preparation**
The ideal site for 45 cm double-seeding is medium to high fertility flatland, meadow land, or former corn or grain fields. Avoid low-lying areas with poor soil fertility. Soil preparation is essential for the success of this technique. Deep plowing and tilling should be done in autumn to ensure proper soil structure. Spring tilling should be avoided to prevent soil compaction. After tillage, the soil should be free of large clods, smooth, and even to allow for uniform planting.
3. **Fertilizer Application and Management**
To support healthy soybean growth, a balanced application of organic and chemical fertilizers is necessary. A typical recommendation includes 25 m³ of high-quality manure, 80–100 kg of urea, 175–225 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 50–75 kg of potassium sulfate. Using a 45 cm double-seed drill, apply fertilizer in two stages: 70% of the total fertilizer at 15 cm depth before sowing, and the remaining 20 kg of urea as a foliar spray. The rest can be applied as seed fertilizer in the furrow during planting.
4. **Planting Density and Quality Assurance**
Planting density depends on soil fertility, variety type, and plant characteristics. For dense varieties like Tengnong No.5, Hongfeng No.11, and Heinong No.35, about 40,000 plants per hectare are recommended. For less fertile varieties such as Tengnong No.19 and Hefeng No.35, around 375,000 plants per hectare are suitable. Sowing should occur when the soil temperature at 5 cm depth reaches 6–7°C, typically between May 5 and May 15 in Suibin County. This timing helps utilize spring moisture and avoid mid-May droughts. After sowing, use a “Vâ€-shaped roller to press the soil and ensure even emergence.
5. **Weed Control and Cultivation Practices**
Herbicides play a vital role in managing weeds. Apply 1.8–2.2 L/ha of 90% acetochlor EC, 0.4–0.6 kg/ha of 70% saflufenacil wettable powder, or 0.8–1.0 L/ha of 48% clethodim EC with 300–500 kg of water. If needed, apply foliar herbicides after 1–3 true leaves appear. Regular cultivation is also important. First cultivation occurs at 10–12 cm depth after herbicide application, followed by shallow tilling during the branching stage. Third cultivation removes the hardened layer and controls weeds to prevent lodging.
6. **Pest and Disease Management**
Common pests and diseases include gray leaf spot, downy mildew, aphids, and borer. Prevention is key. When 20% of the field has aphids, apply 2.5% dichlorvos or 10% chlorpyrifos at 500 mL/ha. In late July, spray 1.5 kg/ha of 50% carbendazim with 500 kg of water to control gray spot disease.
7. **Timely Harvesting**
Harvesting should occur when all leaves have fallen off. Use a combine harvester to ensure minimal loss, with less than 4% overall loss, 5% broken grains, and over 95% cleanliness. After harvesting, sort the soybeans manually or mechanically to meet national quality standards (at least third-grade).
(Suibin County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Changdong Town, Heilongjiang Province, China)
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