The pressure relief valve is a specialized device designed to automatically lower the working pressure within a pipeline. It ensures that the water pressure before the valve, which may be higher than necessary, is reduced to an appropriate level for the downstream section of the system. These valves are commonly used in high-rise buildings, municipal water supply systems, areas with high water pressure, and mining operations, helping maintain the right service pressure and flow rate in the water distribution network. Since water leakage and wastage are closely related to the pressure in the system, pressure reducing valves not only improve system performance but also offer significant water savings—statistics show an average saving of around 30%.
There are several types of pressure reducing valves, including diaphragm type, internal spring piston type, and others. The basic principle involves creating localized resistance in the flow path to reduce water pressure. The pressure difference between the inlet and outlet, acting on the diaphragm or piston connected to the valve disc, allows the pressure drop range to adjust automatically. In recent years, new designs such as fixed-ratio pressure reducing valves have emerged. As shown in Figure 14.2-2, these valves use a floating piston inside the body to control the pressure ratio. The pressure reduction ratio at the inlet and outlet is inversely proportional to the area ratio of the piston on each side. This design enables smooth operation without vibration, eliminates the need for springs (thus avoiding corrosion and metal fatigue), and provides excellent sealing, preventing leaks whether the water is flowing or static. Additionally, it ensures effective pressure reduction without affecting the water flow.
Pressure reducing valves come in various sizes, typically ranging from DN50 to DN100. The upstream working pressure is usually less than 1 MPa, while the downstream pressure ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa, with a pressure regulation error of ±5% to 10%.
Although there is some head loss due to the flow through the valve, the overall system benefits from reduced water waste, more efficient flow distribution, and improved system layout and operating conditions, making pressure reducing valves an energy-efficient solution in most cases.
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