Dairy goats are small, grass-eating animals known for their milk production. They typically have a lactation period of 8 to 10 months, with an average milk yield of 500 to 600 kg per cycle. The milk fat content is around 3.9%, and they can give birth to 1 to 3 kids per litter. These animals are lively, herbivorous, and adaptable, capable of eating a variety of plants such as wild grasses, leaves, vines, melon beans, and grains. They reproduce quickly, have strong disease resistance, and can be raised either in a pen or on pasture. With low investment, quick returns, and easy management, dairy goats offer a practical solution for meeting the growing demand for fresh milk. Below are the key farming techniques.
(1) **Breed Selection**: Different breeds vary significantly in milk production. It's essential to choose high-yield breeds like Saanen, Laoshan, or their crossbreeds. A good dairy goat should have a long head, neck, and body, with tall, sturdy legs. They should be agile, active, and robust.
(2) **Feeding Lambs**: Newborn lambs must consume colostrum immediately after birth, as it is rich in nutrients, easily digestible, and provides immunity. From birth to day 4, they should be fed whole milk four times daily. Between 40-80 days, milk can be mixed with soft fodder, along with a little salt and bone broth. After 80 days, the diet should gradually shift to more solid feed, with less milk. At 120 days, they are weaned and primarily fed grass and a small amount of concentrate.
(3) **Breeding Management**: Dairy goats are seasonal breeders, with the peak mating season in autumn. They can start breeding at 12–14 months of age. The gestation period lasts between 114 to 159 days, averaging about 150 days.
(4) **Lactating Ewes Nutrition**: At the start of lactation, ewes should be fed high-quality forages and allowed to eat freely. As their body condition changes, adjust feed accordingly. Milk production peaks around 30–40 days post-birth, during which the body uses stored nutrients, leading to weight loss. Ensure a balanced diet with hay, silage, and root vegetables. Reduce concentrates when milk output declines. Always provide clean water and salt, using a salt trough for free access.
(5) **Milking Practices**: Before each milking session, gently wash the udder with warm water. The number of milkings depends on milk volume—2 to 3 times per day. For example, if a goat produces 5 kg of milk, it should be milked three times.
(6) **Dry Period Management**: Around the 10th month of lactation, milk production begins to decline. This is the dry period, crucial for restoring the ewe’s body condition and supporting fetal development. Reduce concentrate, green feed, water, and milking frequency to allow the animal to rest and recover.
(7) **Housing and Care**: A clean, well-ventilated barn is essential, providing cool summers and warm winters. Regularly brush the goats to improve circulation and milk production. Ensure 3 hours of outdoor exercise daily, trim hooves, and avoid noise near the barn. In summer, prevent heat stress; in winter, ensure warmth and shelter. Maintaining hygiene and comfort is vital for both health and productivity.
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