The core message: Stress in the pig raising process is an inevitable problem in the production process. If insufficient attention is paid, it will cause serious impact. The harm caused by stress is both single and comprehensive, and its impact is much. Aspects. If we can properly implement various preventive measures for different specific situations, it will greatly reduce the unnecessary losses caused by stress.
The concept of stress
Stress is the dysfunction and defensive reaction of animals that are stimulated by non-specific harmful factors (stressors) in vitro and in vivo, and refers to the sum of non-specific response responses of the body to various external or internal abnormal stimuli. Or, stress is the non-specific response the body makes to any request to it. Proper natural stress allows the body to gradually adapt to the environment and improve production performance. If the stress is excessive, that is, when the animal body is stimulated by a long-term high-intensity stress, severe adverse effects may occur, such as a decrease in production performance, a high incidence, or even death. The non-specific changes caused by stress are called General Adaptation syndrome (GAS). All the stimuli that can cause GAS to appear in the body are called “Stressorsâ€. There are many kinds of stress, such as cold, high temperature, noise, and trauma. However, physical activity, nervousness, and high blood pressure increase physiological activity is also a stressor, that is, stress is not necessarily the result of external damage. Stress is further divided into mild stress and excessive stress: General livestock can enter into the adaptation stage under mild stress, but also can increase productivity, feed conversion rate and a wide range of resistance; overstress easily lead to low animal immunity , Secondary infections, and even death.
The pathogenesis of stress
When the pig is affected by stressors, such as catching, driving, transporting, high temperature, cold, crowding, biting, injection, surgery and other stimuli, the hypothalamus is excited and secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormone and enters through the pituitary portal system. In the anterior pituitary, ACTH is increased in the anterior pituitary, and ACTH reaches the adrenal gland through blood circulation, which promotes the release of glucocorticoids. The adrenal glands secreted in the early stages of stress can also stimulate the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary, increase the secretion of ACTH, impede the absorption of certain nutrients, strengthen catabolism, inhibit inflammation and immune response, and cause the body's resistance to decline. The stressor is strong, and when the effect is long-lasting, the adrenal cortex secretes function failure, which can cause the pig's morbidity and death.
The development stage of stress mainly includes: alarm reaction or mobilization (alarm reaction ortage of mobilization). The body's early response to stressors showed typical symptoms of GAS. At this stage, the body has not yet been adapted. According to the different physiological and biochemical changes, this period can be divided into shock phase and counter shock phase. Shock manifests as decreased body temperature and blood pressure, blood concentration, nervous system suppression, reduced muscle tone, and then to tissue degradation, low blood chlorine, high potassium, acute gastrointestinal ulcers, body resistance is lower than normal. Shock can last from a few minutes to 24 hours. Stress response into the anti-shock phase, the body's defense response was strengthened, blood pressure rose, blood glucose increased, blood sodium and blood chloride increased, blood potassium decreased, blood total protein decreased. Negative nitrogen balance occurs, animal weight loss, atrophy of the thymus, spleen, and lymphatic system, eosinophilic leukocytes and lymphocytes decrease, adrenal cortex hypertrophy, total body resistance increases, and even higher than normal levels.
If the stressor is very strong, the animal can die in the first 1 hour or 1 day. If the animal body survives the stressor and survives, the panic response usually lasts from hours to days and then enters the adaptation phase. At this point, the anti-shock phase merges with the adaptation phase or the adaptation phase.
This is followed by the Stage of adaptation of resistance: many manifestations of the body are contrary to the panic reaction. The metabolism tends to be normal, the assimilation prevails, the weight is restored, various functions are balanced, and the blood
Thinning, blood leukocytes and adrenal cortex hormone levels also tend to be normal. The body's systemic non-specific resistance is raised above normal levels. If the stimulation is not very intense or the stressor action is stopped, the development of the stress response ends at this stage, which can last for hours, days or weeks; if the body cannot overcome the effect of intense stressors, The adaptation is again lost and the stress response goes into a depletion phase.
Finally, it will reach the stage of exhaustion: it behaves like a panic attack, but the response is sharply increased, various malnutrition occurs, adrenal cortex hypertrophy cannot produce the necessary hormones, and the dissimilation is again dominant. The protein, fat and body storage in the disintegration, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, increased eosinophilic leukocytes and lymphocytes in the blood, decreased cell components in the bone marrow, and then the body's stocks are exhausted, the metabolism appears irreversible changes, adapt to functional destruction, The system is in a state of disorder and many important functions fail, causing the animals to die.
The relationship between stress and disease
Stress is a defensive mechanism of the body. Without stress response, the body will not be able to adapt to changing circumstances. Excessive stress response, which exceeds the body's ability to adapt or respond abnormally, results in disturbances in the internal environment, inducing the occurrence of diseases or the development and worsening of the disease. At present, the relationship between stress and disease has not been fully elaborated in its internal connection. The more general view is that stress is mainly caused by a series of changes in the nervous system and neuroendocrine system. These changes will re-adjust the body's internal environmental balance to adapt to the role of stressor. However, this changed internal environment is often at the expense of increasing organ function load or self-defense mechanism consumption. Therefore, excessively intense or long-term stress states will cause the body to adapt to the ability to destroy or adapt to the potential to be consumed and eventually cause disease.
The common stress diseases in pig rearing are sudden death syndrome (Sudden Death Syndrome): the reason is mainly due to catching, scaring, and the most serious form of injection. Frequent deaths are not seen with any symptoms. Porcine stress syndrome: mainly due to transport stress, heat stress, crowded stress and other reasons. The main symptoms are early muscle tremors, fluttering, followed by dyspnea, palpitations, erythema or purpura on the skin, visible mucous membranes, and finally failure. The corpse is stiff, the body is highly acid and the meat quality changes, such as water pork, dark pork, and longissimus dorsi muscle necrosis. Stress ulcers in pigs: Ulcers mainly occur in the stomach and duodenal mucosa. The main reason is due to severe stress response, such as truss, transportation, serious disease, etc. (can suddenly die). Its clinical symptoms are predominantly no typical symptoms of chronic ulcers, and it is an acute gastrointestinal mucosal lesion. The anatomy showed that the gastrointestinal (duodenal) mucosa had small, scattered, spot-like haemorrhages; superficial or patchy superficial erosions; or superficial multiple round ulcers, irregular edges, but no bulging, depth Up to the submucosa.
Gastrointestinal dysbacteriosis: Mainly because of changing feeds or feeding methods, turning circles, and market transactions. The gastrointestinal mucosal damage caused by pigs caused the destruction of the normal microflora of the digestive tract, and the large number of pathogenic strains such as E. coli and Salmonella caused bacterial enteritis.
Stress factors in production and countermeasures
Physical stress: overcooling, overheating, strong radiation, low air pressure, thief wind, strong noise, etc.
Countermeasures: Insulation heatstroke, away from factories and polluted areas, to prevent thieves and keep the environment relatively quiet.
Chemical stress: The concentration of toxic and harmful gases such as CO2, NH3, and H2S in the air is too high, and various chemical poisons and agents are used. Commonly there are ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and other toxic and harmful gases in winter pighouses that will stimulate the pigs and produce stress response. If the concentration is too high, the respiratory mucosa will be damaged, the resistance to disease will be reduced, and the respiratory system will be affected.
Countermeasures: Ventilate and ventilate, purify the air, keep the environment clean, and change the litter.
Stress during feeding: hunger or overfeeding, diet imbalance, drastic changes in diet and feeding levels, lack of drinking water, unclean water, or low water temperature.
Countermeasures: Balance the diet and provide clean drinking water. 500 grams of liver peptide can be added per 1000 pounds of feed, and 50 milliliters of V?Bagon (Vibongao) per 1000 pounds of water.
Stress in the production process: changes in feeding procedures, replacement of the breeder, weaning, weighing, transfer, catching, driving, lack of exercise, excessive stocking density, insufficient feed trough width, and large group size. Common in pigs weaning, switching, the breeding density is too large, the group is too large, resulting in increased herd pressure, pig biting and tail biting phenomenon, will also result in reduced resistance, reduced feed intake, poor air quality Wait. The weaning of piglets is a comprehensive stress, including weaning itself, weighing, grouping, feed changes, environmental changes, etc., within 15 days after weaning, feed intake decreased by 15% to 20%, irritability, aggressiveness and growth. Stagnant (commonly known as milk aphid), diarrhea, edema disease, and disease resistance decreased.
Countermeasures: Reasonably raise the density, try to catch pigs as little as possible before weaning, and give less injections. Strong St. injection can be used for 3-needle health care, and anaesthetic injections of oxytetracycline and anti-toxic and anti-injection injections are not needed to cause artificial stress on pigs.
Biological stress: In addition to causing specific diseases, many pathogenic factors also cause severe stress reactions in pigs. Any disease is a stress factor. Except for special tissue and organ damage, it can cause serious illness in the body. Reaction. Virulent virulence factors can make pigs depressed, feed intake, slow growth, miscarriage or stillbirth.
Countermeasures: Remove the toxins from the feed and the pig, protect the liver, detoxify, increase the energy (pigment can be added regularly to the liver as a peptide); regular deworming (Kimsu can be used with pregnant animals or pass kill ); Prevention of immunosuppressive diseases and respiratory syndromes caused by circovirus, blue-ear virus, and pseudorabies virus (prevention of anti-virus, control of secondary infections and respiratory diseases, and regular prevention of epidemic disease in feed) .
Psychological stress: battles, community hierarchy status, scare, brutal treatment of people, and other factors that cause psychological stress.
Countermeasures: Reasonable grouping, harmonious treatment of pigs, keeping the environment quiet.
Transport stress: During the loading and unloading and transport process, many suprathreshold stimulations act on pigs at the same time, which reduces the pig's defense mechanism and results in pig fever. If the pig's respiratory frequency exceeds 80 beats/min and the body temperature exceeds 39.7 °C, Indicates a serious transport stress. Long-distance transportation can easily cause pig dehydration, weight loss, and even death. When the road conditions are poor, density is too high, congestion, poor ventilation, and high temperatures, the stress is more serious.
Countermeasures: After loading the car, it is necessary to isolate it properly, remove the excreta and rot, remove the waste, pay attention to the ventilation and maintain the temperature, and try not to jolt. Before injection, Qiangsheng Injection was injected into the vehicle, and liver and peptide were added to feed and drinking water.
Other stress factors: Common sow special events such as estrus, mating, pregnancy, calving, breast-feeding, etc., are themselves stressors, and will inevitably cause strong stimulation to the dams and cause stress. Sows may have high yields. Increased stress often leads to reproductive stress syndrome in sows, and shows weakness in sows. Foot cracking, severe antepartum and postpartum warts, decreased sow fertility, reduced number of litters, decreased food intake and constipation, rapid weight loss, decreased resistance to disease, and severe damage or reproductive problems.
Countermeasures: Pay attention to the management of sows before and after mating and during lactation. Particular attention should be paid to the prevention of metritis, mastitis, and non-feeding before and after childbirth.
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