The cattle-raising industry is a favorite item for the peasants who enjoy the rich. In order for the people to raise cattle scientifically and improve their breeding efficiency, they must grasp the following technologies.
1 The selection of good varieties and individuals varies, and the production performance is also different. Local cattle are small in size, slow in growth, and low in slaughter rate. Adult bulls weigh between 410 and 420 kg, cows weigh around 370 kg, and have a slaughter rate of 45% to 50%. Heifers, Charolais, and Limousin are used for good quality beef cattle. The varieties Simmental et al. These species are large in size, have a fast growth rate, have high feed rewards and slaughter rates, and have good meat quality. The above breeds can be selected as male parents, and the local yellow cattle can be used as matriarchs to improve the quality of offspring.
2 The breeding age of cow breeding cows is usually 12 to 13 years old. The cow can be estrus throughout the four seasons. The yak grows sexually matures at 8 to 10 months of age, and the non-pregnant cows after sexual maturity are 18 A estrus occurred in ~23 days, the estrus cycle averaged 21 days, and the estrus duration was generally 1 to 2 days. The estrus of the cow showed excitement, frequent cries, loss of appetite, cross-climbing between cows, swelling of the vulva and mucus, and sexual behavior. When the bred cows grow to 18 months of age, the breeding is the most suitable and the mating is too early, which affects the development of the cows and the fetus, and the mating is too late to reduce the benefit of cattle breeding. The maternity cows had the best breeding efficiency in about 2 months after giving birth. Cows should be inseminated with sperm of high quality, and the timing of insemination should be 12 to 18 hours after the start of oestrus. The gestation period of the cow is 278-283 days.
3 The calf raising calf refers to the calf from birth to 6 months of age. The calf's lactation period is usually controlled within 3 to 4 months. The calf's feeding needs to ensure the nutrition needs and the survival rate is the main goal.
3.1 Early eating Colostrum Calves should eat colostrum as soon as possible after birth and should not exceed 2 hours in length. Colostrum has high nutritional value, immunity and disease resistance, and plays an important role in the health and development of calves. Milk from cows 1 week after delivery is often milk. The calves that were born before the age of 3 weeks were breast-feeding 4 times a day, and after 3 weeks of age they were breast-feeding 3 times a day.
3.2 As soon as possible after the calf is born, 1st week of age is given hay training feeding. After 2 weeks of age, some palatability, easy to digest mixed concentrate, and a small amount of salt, bone meal, 1 to 6 months of age. In cattle, the daily supplement amount of the concentrate is 0.5% to 1% of its body weight, and hay can freely feed it.
3.3 When yaks are sent to 7-10 days of age to be horned, they are dehorned by electrocautery to prevent them from being injured.
3.4 Moderate exercise The yak is allowed to move in the house or on the sports field after being born at 2 weeks of age. Grazing conditions are available after 2 months of age, and grazing can be performed at close range to enhance physical fitness.
3.5 When weaning yak cattle grow to 3 to 4 months of age, weaning must be performed, combined with feeding, exercise yak gastrointestinal digestive function, and promote growth and development.
4 Breeding cattle rearing refers to cattle from the 6th to the first breeding period. Breeding cattle grow rapidly, can make more use of roughage, give shelter to cattle, and the daily feed amount of coarse material is 2.2% to 2.5% of body weight. If there are grazing conditions, grazing should be fully performed. In winter, it is necessary to ensure that the cows are full of raw material, and that 0.5 kg of supplemental concentrate is used depending on the condition of the cows. Management attention should be paid to breeding males and females to separate males and females. The bulls can be fattened and the cows can grow to age 18 months of age.
5 Keep pregnant cows in pregnant cows to maintain a medium sensation, do not feed too fat and too thin. 4 months before the pregnancy, the fetus grows slowly and needs less nutrition. After 5 months of pregnancy, the fetus grows rapidly and needs a lot of nutrition. After the cows are mated, the cows in the summer and autumn of the first trimester of pregnancy are lush and forage. The cows can supply enough raw materials to meet the nutritional requirements. Grazing conditions must be fully grazing, and the pregnant cows should be encouraged to catch the earthworms. Cows in the early winter of pregnancy during the weeding season should be supplemented with 1 kg of fine concentrate due to cold weather and reduced forage nutrition. Cows in late summer and autumn gestation will need to feed 1 to 1.5 kg of concentrate depending on the condition of the cows. In the case of a cow with a gravid period of 5 months or more, daily supplements of 1.5 to 5 kg of concentrate are required. The quality of forage grass for cattle fed before the week of delivery is better. Feeds of silage, beet pulp and distiller's grains are stopped. 2 to 3 days before delivery, cows are admitted to the farrowing house, the amount of dietary concentrate is halved, and bran is added. Sex feed to prevent constipation. Management attention should be paid to the fetal confinement measures of pregnant cows. Special care should be provided. The winter delivery room temperature should be above 8°C, and the delivery and midwifery preparation should be well prepared.
6 Lactating Cows Two months before lactation, breast milk is the main nutrient for yak. ​​It depends on the body condition of the cows and the amount of milk produced to supplement the concentrates and succulent feeds to promote cows to produce more milk. Within 2 days after childbirth, the rations were given according to the perinatal standard. The cows in the spring and spring period of withered grasses, supplemented with 1.5 to 2 kg of concentrates in the first 2 months of the postpartum period, and 1 kg of the cows in the summer and autumn during the Shengcao period. After 2 months of cow lactation, cows in the winter and spring subtilis period supplemented 1 kg of fine material each day, and the cows in the summer and autumn grazing period could stop feeding concentrates. It is necessary to do a good job in the management of yak weaning of cows during estrus breeding and lactation for 3 to 4 months.
7 There are many kinds of feeds that can be carefully fed to raise cattle, and all kinds of weeds and crop straws can be fed to cattle. The main ingredients of concentrates are corn, bran, beans, and oil cakes. Mineral feeds include salt, bone meal, shell powder, and trace elements. Crude material refers to hay, straw, and silage succulent feed, etc. It is carefully modulated to increase the value of drinking. Fine material should be broken or ground, straw feed should be cut short, length 2 ~ 3cm, root and tuber feeds should be chopped. The feeding time of the house-raising cows should be fixed so that the cattle will develop good conditioned reflexes and enhance their digestion and absorption functions. They will be fed twice a day at 7:00 a.m. and 17:00 a.m. at night. The feeding method will be to concentrate the concentrates. Feeding with some coarse material, after feeding, feed coarse material again, feed less frequently each time, ensure the supply of bovine mineral feed, the daily requirement of salt breeds cattle 20 to 40g, adult cattle 60 ~ 100g, the method of salt can be used to hang the salt brick hanging in the feeding trough or ring for free food, to ensure the cattle drinking water supply, drinking water should be clean, 2 or 3 times a day, the farm area cattle, after the autumn harvest You can make full use of autumn grazing grazing. Care should be taken to prevent cows from stealing too much concentrate or excessive legumes from causing rumen plots. Instead of using legume feed instead of all concentrates to prevent rumen radon, the root and tuber feeds should be chopped and mixed with other coarse materials. Feeding to prevent single feeds from causing gastrointestinal disorders and block ingestion causing esophageal obstruction.
8 Create a suitable living environment and do a good job of preventing epidemics Cowhouses should be warm in winter and cool in summer, fresh in air, clean and dry, and the manure on the barn and sports ground should be cleaned frequently, and the cattle body should be brushed regularly to keep the body clean and the cows to be gentle and convenient. Management; housing cows to ensure that more than 3 hours a day of outdoor sports, yak and perinatal cattle to be appropriate exercise, the deformation of the hoof to be trimmed; winter cowshed to insulation, can be used to warm the plastic buckle warm cold, summer should pay attention to cattle Ventilation and ventilation are used to eliminate mosquitoes and flies. The cowshed is regularly sterilized and usually disinfected every 2 months. Depending on the prevalence of the local epidemic, immunizations are conducted in a timely manner and an insecticide is conducted in each of the spring and autumn seasons.
The short-term fattening of 9 cows in short-term fattening cattle is a technical method that promotes the cattle's strength gain and raises the slaughtering rate, and is an effective way to improve the benefit of cattle breeding. The technical points are:
9.1 Selection of fattening cows All healthy bred cows, adult cattle, and shelf cattle can be fattened, but it is best to choose large meats with good skeletons and good quality, both meat and meat, as well as dairy cattle and crossbreeds. The best weight is 250-350kg.
9.2 Before grouping and repelling and fattening, reasonable grouping should be carried out according to the age, sex, weight, and ability to snatch the cattle, so as to avoid uneven feeding and affecting the fattening effect.
9.3 Grasp the fattening temperature and humidity The suitable temperature during the fattening of cattle is 5-20°C, with 6-8°C being the best, relative humidity being 20%-40%, and 30% being the best. Therefore, the best season for cattle fattening is spring and autumn. The cowshed should be dry and moisture-proof. For the fattening cattle production in winter and summer, the cowshed should be warm in winter and cool in summer.
9.4 The purpose of short bolting and tethering is to minimize the movement of the cow and reduce its own energy consumption so as to save the feed and promote weight gain. The cow needs to be kept in the house during the whole fattening period. The method of bolting the cow is The short reins low the bolt so that the height of the cow does not exceed the highest level of the body when standing, and lying down without affecting the activity of the head can enable the cattle to reduce unnecessary activities without affecting the lying and rumination of the cow.
9.5 Feeding Compound Feeds Feeding compound feeds is the core of cattle short-term fattening technology. The feed should be scientifically processed, modulated, and matched according to the digestive characteristics of the cow. The feed period should be adjusted to 15 days prior to fattening. The feed for cattle should gradually transition to the standard for fattening diets. Tests and production practices have proved that the use of the following two feed formulas to feed fat cattle is better, with an average daily weight gain of 1.3 to 1.5 kg.
9.5.1 Conventional fattening diet reference formula 7kg hay or straw, 7.5kg silage corn, 2kg corn flour, 2kg grain, bean cake or soybean 0.5kg, salt 100g, mixed with water and mix into a moist state. In the feed combination, if there is no silage, the hay can be increased to 10kg. If there is a lack of grain, the cornmeal can be increased to 3kg. In terms of individual, depending on the situation, the daily amount should be adjusted according to actual conditions.
9.5.2 Bad beef fattening diet Reference formula Digesters 18 to 22kg, cornmeal 1.5 to 2kg, hay 1.5 to 2kg, soybean meal 0.5kg, salt 100g, uniformly mixed. In feed formulation, hay can also be replaced by grass or silage, and grass or silage can be fed 4 to 6 kg.
9.6 Feeding cows should regularly feed 3 times a day by regular fattening method. The time is as early as 5:00 o'clock, 12:00 o'clock noon, and 19:00 o'clock in the evening. Bad cattle fattening method is fed twice a day, the time is as early as 7: 00 o'clock and 17 o'clock in the evening. Each feeding time is 1.5 hours, and after 30 minutes of feeding, adequate drinking water is provided, drinking water is preferably bean cake water or soybean water, and drinking water is taken care of in winter.
9.7 When the fattening cattle are fed for a period of about 3 months in due course, the beef is strong, the content is reduced, and the body weight is slowed down.
Author: Baicheng Yubei District Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Center Station Yucheng District Yubei District Grassland Workstation
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