Morphological characteristics and ecological habits
Eucommia ulmoides height of up to 20 meters, crown spherical, smooth, branchlets, elliptic oval leaves, apex acuminate, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margins serrate, narrow and long oval elliptic, flat. Branches, leaves, fruits, and skin were all white filaments after breaking. The flowering period was in April and the fruit matured from October to November.
Du Zhongxi light grows poorly in the shade, prefers the warm climate, but has strong cold resistance. It can safely winter in Beijing and the south. Wet and moist environment, also more drought-tolerant, impatience water, no strict requirements on the soil, can normally grow in acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline soil, mild salt at pH 8.7, salt content of 0.15% Alkaline soil can grow normally, hi fat, not very resistant to thin.
Water and fertilizer management
Du Zhongxi humid environment, should be poured in the first three water when planting, three water can be poured once a month after the water. July and August are plentiful periods of precipitation. Watering or less watering may be needed. After the heavy rain, the stagnant water in the tree hole should be eliminated in time. Every time after watering, the soil should be soiled in time. At the end of November, the foot should be poured with antifreeze water, and the water should be poured back to Qingshui at the beginning of March in the following year. The rest of the time, the watering can be done according to the first year method. In the third year, watering is conducted according to the method of the second year. After the third year, the returning Qingshui and frozen water are poured every year. Water is usually watered depending on the weather conditions. In a particularly arid year, water should be given in an appropriate amount, which is beneficial to the growth of plants, even large trees.
Du Zhong Xi Fei, when planting appropriate amount of farmyard fertilizer applied as base fertilizer, in early May can apply some urea. At the end of autumn, in combination with frozen water, some semi-rotating fertilizers are applied. This time, the amount of fertilizer should be large and shallow. In late spring, the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is applied in late April. In the middle of July, a phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is applied. In the late autumn, a farmyard fertilizer can be applied in conjunction with freezing water. In the third year and later, it is only necessary to dry chicken dung or sesame paste once a year at the end of autumn.
Pest Control
Common diseases Common diseases of Eucommia are branch blight, brown spot and leaf blight.
Eucommia leaf blight disease Symptoms: This disease mostly occurs on the side branches of Eucommia ulmoides, firstly infected with epidermis, and then gradually spreads to the base. The cortex of the diseased branch changes from gray to reddish-brown, and the diseased part has a granular material under the cortex. When the disease department develops into a ring, it causes the branches to die. The disease began to occur from April to June, with the onset peak from July to August.
Control methods: Strengthen water and fertilizer management, promote robust growth of plants, prevent the emergence of wounds; cut dead branches that have been infected and cut Bordeaux mixture; if there is disease, spray 65% ​​zein zinc wettable powder 500 times at the beginning of the disease. Or 70% thiophanate-methyl 600 times, once every 7 days, continuous spraying three or four times can effectively control the condition.
Symptoms of brown spot disease in Eucommia ulmoides: The disease mainly damages the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. The lesions at the beginning of the disease are yellowish-brown spots. With the development of the disease, they can expand into large red-brown oval spots. The lesions and the Ministry of Health have more obvious edges, and there are blackish granules on the lesions at the late stage of the disease. The disease begins in the first half of April to mid-May and peaks from July to August.
Control methods: Strengthen water and fertilizer management, pay attention to nutritional balance, not partial nitrogen fertilizer; pay attention to air and light, timely cut too dense branches; if there is disease, spray 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 1000 times or 50 times in the early stage of disease. % Carbendazim WP 500 times, once every 7 days, continuous spraying three or four times can effectively control the condition.
Symptoms of leaf blight: The disease mainly damages the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. In the early stages of disease, the leaves appear light brown round spots. With the development of the disease, the lesions continue to expand, covering the entire leaf. The lesions are brown on the edge and gray in the middle. In severe cases, the leaves perforate and eventually cause the leaves to die.
Control methods: timely clean up the litter at the end of autumn, concentrate burning or deep burial, reduce the pollution of disease; spray once every 7 days to 10 days at the beginning of the disease, spray 65% ​​zein zinc WP 500 times or 75% chlorothalonil Wettable powder 800 times, continuous spraying two or three times, can effectively control the condition.
Common pest damage Eucommia common pests are: tea wing larvae, ginkgo silkworm moth, crickets, small green leafhoppers, cockroaches and so on. If it occurs, it can be sprayed in its nymph stage with Huixin 3000 times solution or 3% hypertonic phenoxy-sulphur emulsifiable concentrate 3000 times solution; if ginkgo silkworm moth occurs, black light lamp can be used to trap adult insects with 100 million spores/ Kill larvae by milliliters of Bacillus thuringiensis, spray 20% diflubenzuron suspension agent 7000 times before 3rd instar larvae; if there is fleas, use blacklight to trap adult worms, or use bait to trap and kill adult worms; if small green leafhoppers occur, Can be used 25% fluconazole WP 1000 times to kill; if there is a large number of fleas occur, 48% can be used 3,500 times the emulsion of LS.
Breeding method
Eucommia breeding methods are: sowing, cuttings, high pressure layering, rooting buds and so on. Sowing and cutting are the most common.
After sowing autumn seeds matured, straight trunks were selected and the crowns were upright. Plants without pests and diseases were used as mother plants for seed collection. After the seeds were harvested, they were stored in a clean cloth bag after being netted and stored in a ventilated shady place. In early April of the following year, the seeds were soaked in warm water at 45°C for 48 hours and sown. Using the seeding method, the seed amount per acre is 5 kg, spacing is 25 cm, and the ditch is 4 cm in depth. Immediately after sowing, it is covered with soil, light and practical, and watered, covered with grass and moisturized, and it can emerge in about 25 days. After the emergence, the grass is removed and the seedlings are weeded at a height of 5 cm, and the seedlings are kept at a height of 10 cm in a cloudy day, and the spacing between the plants is kept at 8 cm. During the period of seedlings, urea can be applied once in July, and the water can be watered in time depending on the conditions of the soil to keep the soil in a state of large part. After the heavy rain, the water in the nursery will be drained in time to prevent the water from rot. Pouring antifreeze water before winter. When the seedling height is 80 cm to 120 cm, the nursery is transplanted.
Cuttage In late March, annual branches are used for cuttings in plants that grow well. The cuttings are 12 cm to 15 cm long. The cuts are cut into horseshoe shapes at the lower end of the cuttings. The spacing is 20 cm and 10 cm, and the insertion depth is about 7 cm. Watering in time after plugging in, watering once every three or four days, and rooting out in about 20 days. Can be transplanted after one year of cultivation.
Pruning and Shaping
The tree shapes commonly used in gardens in Eucommia are natural round crowns and naturally happy shapes. The natural crown shape is that after the new shoots are formed on the top of the plant after being dried, the dense and fine branches are removed, and the rest is left to allow the natural growth to form the main branch. For the lateral branches, only the dense branches and the thin and weak branches are also sparsely cut off, and the remaining branches are left to grow naturally. After three or four years, natural round crowns can be formed. The natural happy shape is that among the newly-picked branches, three or four strong and well-distributed branches are selected, and branches with a certain angle with the trunk are used as the main branches and the remaining branches are completely removed. Later, each of the main shoots was cultured with two or three lateral branches, and the lateral branches were cut short at the end of autumn to cultivate secondary lateral branches. After the formation of the basic tree shape, the pests and branches, drooping branches and cross branches, and dense branches can be removed in time.
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