Application of Laser Technology in Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing
Since the advent of the laser in the 1960s, laser technology as a high technology has gained important applications in almost every industry. Laser processing technology refers to the use of high-energy-density laser beams as a means of achieving physical and chemical interactions between the laser beam and the material to achieve advanced material processing techniques that change the morphology or properties of the material. Laser processing involves many disciplines such as laser physics, materials, electronics, mechanical and engineering heat transfer, and integrates laser, manufacturing, control, and computer applications. It has become a typical advanced multidisciplinary and multi-technology integration. Manufacturing Technology. Laser processing has the characteristics of non-contact, non-polluting, small heat-affected area, high processing precision, and optional processing, and it is irreplaceable under other specific manufacturing conditions. Therefore, laser technology has gained important applications in many industries.
Due to the characteristics of its own application and the complexity of the work objects, agricultural machinery, especially in the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry, lags behind in designing and processing methods, resulting in less innovation, new product development cycle, high cost, relatively rough manufacturing quality, and relatively long product life. short. In order to vigorously improve the manufacturing technology of agricultural machinery and develop in parallel with other machinery manufacturing industries, it is necessary to increase the application of laser and other advanced manufacturing technologies in agricultural manufacturing and improve the modern production technology of agricultural machinery manufacturing enterprises.
1 Application of Laser Rapid Prototyping in Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing
Rapid prototyping technology is a generic term for the rapid production of prototypes or parts based on CAD models. It integrates modern scientific and technological achievements such as CAD technology, numerical control technology, laser technology and material technology, and is an important part of advanced manufacturing technology. It can automatically, directly, quickly, and accurately model the design idea into a functional prototype or a direct-manufactured part based on a CAD model (an electronic model), and generates almost arbitrarily complex parts without the use of molds and tools. Rapid docking from design to manufacturing. Therefore, the technology can quickly evaluate and modify the product design, effectively shorten the product development cycle, reduce the development cost, and meet the requirements of the rapid development and rapid manufacturing of new products in today’s highly competitive market. The product's market competitiveness and the company's comprehensive competitiveness.
Laser selective sintering is one of the important process methods in rapid prototyping manufacturing. The technology adopts the principle of layer-by-layer material addition to slice and process the 3D solid model to generate a laser sintering scanning path. Then, the laser beam is scanned along the scanning path by the xy laser scanning instrument, and the assimilation congener powder materials are sintered layer by layer ( Such as plastic powder, nylon powder, wax, ceramics or), mixed powder of metal and binder or metal powder, etc. After sintering and layer stacking, the desired three-dimensional workpiece is finally formed. This manufacturing method has the characteristics of fast molding speed, high precision, good surface quality, simple post-processing, and time-saving. It is a vital technology and creates a new method for the development of manufacturing technology.
The agricultural machinery production process is unique. Many parts have more complex shapes, such as farmland machinery, soil preparation machinery and harvesting machinery. In addition, there are many complex surfaces, such as the surface of the plough body, rotary blade of the rotary cultivator, water pump impeller, feed screw, and the like, and the shape needs to be adjusted accordingly according to specific production conditions. Therefore, the use of traditional mechanical processing methods to develop such agricultural machinery parts, not only the development of a long time, the processing process is complex, and it is difficult to achieve the desired results. The use of advanced laser rapid prototyping and integration technology not only greatly shortens the development cycle of new products and reduces development costs, but also the manufacturing quality is superior to traditional manufacturing methods.
2 Laser Surface Strengthening and Heat Treatment Applications
Laser surface hardening and heat treatment technology is a new material surface treatment technology developed in the past 20 years. The principle of laser surface enhancement technology is to use the characteristics of extremely strong laser penetration. When the metal surface is heated to a critical transition temperature just below the melting point, the surface of the surface is rapidly austenitized, and then quenched rapidly and rapidly. The metal surface rapidly Strengthened. Laser surface hardening and heat treatment can be divided into three categories: First, the metal does not melt when laser irradiation, but the organization changes, this type of process is mainly laser transformation hardening (laser quenching); Second, the metal melts after laser irradiation, cooling after the organization Change or addition of other elements to improve the surface properties, including laser fusion, laser alloying, laser amorphization and microcrystallization; Third, the metal surface is vaporized during laser irradiation, resulting in changes in the organization, such processes are mainly laser Impact hardening. The common theoretical basis for the various laser heat treatment processes described above is the interaction between the laser and the material and its metallurgical behavior.
Laser heat treatment is the development and supplement of traditional heat treatment technology. It can solve the problem of material strengthening that other surface treatment methods can not solve or can not be solved. After the laser treatment, the surface layer strength of the cast layer can reach HRC60 or more, and the surface layer hardness of medium carbon, high carbon steel and alloy steel can reach HRC70 or more, thereby improving its wear resistance, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance, etc. Service life.
Laser heat treatment is widely used in the automotive industry. HJ laser heat treatment can be applied to many key parts of the vehicle (such as cylinder block, crankshaft, camshaft, exhaust valve, valve seat or piston ring). Similarly, agricultural locomotives should also be widely used. In agricultural production, the working conditions of the machine are varied, and some machines (ploughs, cultivators, seeders and harvesters) work directly in the abrasive medium, causing many parts to wear quickly. On the other hand, in order to obtain sufficient strength, the amount of material used in the machine is large, which not only wastes material, but also becomes cumbersome. For such parts, the hardness after laser hardening is 5% to 20% higher than that of conventional quenching. Laser alloying can be based on the requirements to select new materials to form a new alloy layer based on the substrate to obtain satisfactory performance. In addition, because of the improved performance after processing, lower performance substrates can be selected, thereby reducing the quality of the substrate.
3 Laser Application in Repair of Agricultural Machinery Parts
Laser cladding (also known as laser cladding or laser cladding) is a new surface modification technique that adds a cladding material to the surface of a substrate and utilizes a high-energy-density laser beam to make it thinner with the surface of the substrate. The layers are fused together to form a metallurgically bonded filler cladding on the surface of the substrate. Since laser cladding can melt the high-melting material on the surface of the low-melting substrate, the composition of the material is not limited by the usual thermodynamic conditions for alloy metallurgy. Therefore, the range of cladding materials used is quite extensive, including nickel-based, cobalt-based, iron-based alloys, carbide composite alloy materials, and ceramic materials. Among them, the laser cladding of the alloy material and the carbide composite material is relatively mature, and has already obtained the practical application. Due to the near adiabatic rapid heating process due to the high energy density of the laser beam, the thermal effect of the laser cladding on the substrate is less and the resulting deformation is smaller. Controlling the input energy of the laser can also limit the dilution of the substrate to a very low degree (less than 10%), thus maintaining the excellent performance of the original cladding material.
Therefore, laser cladding technology can improve the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the material surface, and is mainly used for the repair of parts after wear and enhance the performance of newly manufactured parts. For important parts (such as cylinder liners and pistons in agricultural machinery), due to heavy workload, high temperature, high pressure, erosion, and varying degrees of friction, the amount of wear is large, and parts need to be scrapped and replaced on a regular basis. For cultivating machinery, soil preparation machinery, and harvesting machinery (such as ploughs, cultivators, seeders, and harvesters), the local wear is very fast during operation and the parts are scrapped because of localized damage. In order to improve the service life of parts, repair work has great significance. Laser processing has the unique advantage of selecting the area, and laser cladding can easily repair the worn parts, make the parts not be scrapped due to local damage, improve the reliability and service life of the parts, and re-achieving better in the case of minimum input costs. The performance requirements "J. In addition, the use of laser repair of the mold can greatly increase the life of the mold, without the restrictions of shape and size, should also be vigorously promoted and adopted in agricultural machinery manufacturing.
4 Several Considerations of Application of Laser Technology in Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing
1) Laser processing technology has been vigorously promoted in many industries, and application in agricultural machinery manufacturing is also imperative. However, the selection of processing types and the use of lasers must start from the basics. Only by fully mastering such advanced processing methods can we better improve the traditional processes and give full play to the advantages of new technologies. Laser processing technology integrates modern scientific and technological achievements such as CAD technology, numerical control technology, laser technology, and material technology. The technology involves a wide range of fields. Therefore, in the laser manufacturing project of agricultural machinery enterprises, it is necessary to analyze the company's own conditions and requirements, consult with other machinery companies, look for directions, find joint points, step by step, and avoid so-called "one-step approach." Because laser processing technology is developing very fast, any company can't be in one step.
2) The application of laser processing technology in agricultural machinery manufacturing is still not common in China. The main reason is that there are still different levels of mystery and prejudice in the application of laser technology in this industry. In addition, the promotion of laser technology is not enough and it lacks practice. Therefore, the agricultural machinery enterprises should introduce and absorb the mature scientific research results in industrial production as soon as possible, and make use of the multi-function laser processing centers already established in the industry to serve more agricultural machinery enterprises.
3) In recent years, the manufacturing technology of high-power lasers and auxiliary equipment has been increasingly improved, and its basic theory and production technology have become more mature. Compared with other processing equipment, the price of high-power lasers is not very high either. Therefore, the application of laser processing technology in the manufacture of agricultural machinery has certain external conditions. In addition, with the rapid development of agricultural industrialization, the strength of agricultural manufacturing enterprises has increased significantly, and the requirements for product quality have become higher and higher, providing internal driving force and conditions for the application of laser processing technology in agricultural machinery manufacturing. Therefore, the current laser processing technology has the conditions for application in agricultural machinery manufacturing. It can be predicted that the introduction of laser processing technology will greatly increase the level of agricultural machinery manufacturing.
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