Ginkgo biloba, commonly known as the ginkgo tree, is a unique species with medicinal value, particularly its seeds, often referred to as "white fruit." These seeds are used in traditional medicine for their ability to nourish yin and the kidneys, soothe coughs and asthma, and even have insect-repelling properties. However, ginkgo trees are susceptible to various diseases and pests, including ginkgo stalk rot, mildew, leaf blight, dry blight, ginkgo large silk moth, peach aphid, leafworm, ginkgo leaf roller moth, soybean meal, and tea yam.
Stalk rot primarily affects young seedlings, especially those aged 1-2 years. High temperatures create favorable conditions for this disease, weakening the seedlings' resistance and allowing bacteria to invade through wounds. Poor drainage and low-lying nurseries also contribute to the problem. The disease is most severe between June and August.
To prevent stalk rot, early sowing is recommended to promote lignification before the hot season, along with soil disinfection, shading, and timely irrigation. In the early stages of infection, a 50% thiophanate-methyl solution diluted at 1000 times can be applied.
Mildew affects stored ginkgo seeds, especially under warm and humid conditions. Seeds that are immature or damaged are more prone to infection. To prevent this, ensure seeds are fully matured and harvested carefully without damaging the seed coat. Before storage, dry the seeds thoroughly, remove any damaged ones, and store them in a cool, well-ventilated area. Soaking seeds in a 0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 30 minutes or using a 10% formaldehyde solution can help disinfect them.
Leaf blight is caused by pathogens that overwinter on deciduous trees. Spores form in March and infect new leaves in early June, with peak incidence occurring in August and September. Seedlings are more vulnerable than mature trees. Proper management, such as removing fallen leaves and fertilizing appropriately, can reduce the risk. Planting ginkgo away from other species like Metasequoia, pine, tea, and grapes can also help. Early treatment with 40% carbendazim diluted at 500 times is effective, and adding 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% urea during spraying enhances plant resistance.
Diseniosis occurs when bacteria enter the trunk or branches through wounds, causing irregular lesions. Wind, rain, insects, and birds spread the disease, with symptoms appearing from May to September. Preventing tree wounds and maintaining tree vigor are key. Severely infected branches should be removed and burned. Scraping the affected areas with a 10% alkaline solution can significantly improve outcomes.
The ginkgo large silk moth has one generation per year. The larvae feed on leaves, with early-stage larvae feeding in groups and later becoming more solitary. By the fifth instar, they consume entire leaves. Black light traps can be used to capture adults from August to September, while removing clustered leaves before the third instar helps control infestations. Spraying 2% deltamethrin at 2500 times or 90% dipterex at 1500–2000 times during the early larval stage is effective.
Taoyuan, or the ginkgo nut borer, completes one life cycle annually. After hatching, larvae crawl short distances before entering the seeds, consuming either the entire kernel or just part of it. One larva typically feeds on a single seed. Controlling the first generation of adults with 80% dichlorvos at 1000 times is effective. Spraying 40% Caesaresporum at 1000 times during egg hatching, followed by a second spray seven days later, helps kill emerging larvae.
Dead leafworms feed on fruit juice, causing ginkgo fruits to drop within 3–10 days. Eggs are laid on the backs of leaves of host plants like Tongcao and Mahonia, and larvae eventually burrow into the soil. Removing these host plants around ginkgo trees and spraying 50% trichlorfon at 500 times from early May to mid-June, repeated after 10 days, is an effective control method, especially in the evening.
Ochreophagus thrips, both adults and nymphs, feed on leaves by sucking sap, causing rapid leaf damage and even defoliation. They thrive in dry conditions and move from seedlings to mature trees as temperatures rise. Timely spraying with 80% dichlorvos at 1000 times during the high activity period (June–August) is crucial, and multiple applications can yield good results.
The ginkgo ultra-small roller leaf moth damages new shoots, leading to branch death, leaf fall, and fruit loss. Infestations are more common near forest edges, and population density decreases with higher altitude and latitude. Adults can be treated with 2.5% deltamethrin at 2500 times before emergence. During larval hatching, spraying 80% dichlorvos EC at 800 times on damaged shoots is effective.
Soybean meal, or the ginkgo nut borer, causes serious damage by drilling into seeds and leaving only the husk. Larvae live in the soil, making their occurrence closely related to soil moisture and texture. Heavy rainfall increases their numbers. To prevent infestations, avoid planting legumes nearby. Spraying 50% dichlorvos or 90% trichlorfon at 800 times during the adult stage, followed by a second application 10 days later, is highly effective.
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