With the development of the sheep industry, the traditional feeding methods are no longer adapted to the requirements of modern production. Traditional grazing habits must be changed. Sheltered or half-sheafed sheep must be developed. The past quantity of sheep is transformed into quality and efficiency. Raise sheep and take large, ecological roads. Shepherding sheep is beneficial to reducing production consumption, improving product quality and the benefits of raising sheep; it is conducive to returning crops to the abdomen, providing more organic fertilizer for agriculture, increasing grain production, and reducing excessive use of natural ecological resources; Ecological environment improvement. The production cost of sheep after being transferred to housing has increased. Therefore, the principles and methods for fattening sheep for fattening must be effectively controlled in order to increase the economic benefits of raising sheep. 1 Principles to be followed in fattening mutton sheep 1.1 Rationally feeding rations According to the breeding standards, combined with the growth and development characteristics of the fattening sheep, the grazing sheep's diet composition, dietary supply or supplementary quotas are determined, and the actual weight gain effect is combined with timely Make adjustments. 1.2 To highlight economic benefits, do not blindly pursue the maximization of daily gain. Especially under house-fed finishing conditions, maximizing the weight gain of mutton sheep is often based on high-concentrate diets. The maximum daily gain of mutton sheep is not Must mean the best economic benefit. Therefore, when setting the expected fattening intensity, we must use the best economic efficiency as the only measure. 1.3 Reasonably organize the production and timely slaughter of fattening sheep According to the growth and development stages at the beginning of fattening sheep, determine the length of the fattening period. If it is too short, the fattening effect is not obvious. If it is too long, the feed payment will be low and it will be economically uneconomical. Therefore, when the meat sheep reaches a certain weight after fattening for a certain period of time, they must be slaughtered or marketed in time, instead of blindly pursuing the maximum weight of the sheep. According to local conditions, the size of fattening sheep is determined. Under the local conditions, the best economic benefits are sought in accordance with the laws of market economy. 2 Preparing the meat sheep for fattening 2.1 Establishing a sheep herd in the herding area Shepherds must have a housing area and ample activity space. Sheep pens should have the functions of heatstroke prevention and cold protection. They should be selected where there is a high ground, sunny, dry, well-ventilated and sheltered, and easy to drain. On an hourly basis, it can be built in or near a residential facility to facilitate management and care. When the scale is large, it is better to build a sheep-raising area in a place far away from the village to facilitate prevention. Sheep house area is determined by the number of sheep. Usually each sheep covers an average area of ​​0.8 to 1.2 square meters. The rams and ewes occupy a larger area. The bred sheep and lambs can be smaller. The fine wool sheep and semi-fine wool sheep should be larger, and the goats should be smaller. Generally, the height of the sheep house is 2.5 meters, the width of the door is not less than 1.5 meters, and the height of the window from the ground is not less than 1.5 meters, ensuring good lighting and ventilation effects, and the doors and windows are made of wood material. Span 7 to 8 meters, according to fire requirements, the length of each sheep house should not exceed 30 meters. The shed is a brick-wood structure and faces south in a rectangular layout. In the winter, plastic greenhouses can be used. There should be one vent hole left and right at the top of the shed to prevent excessive humidity in the shed. There must be a playground in front of the shed, and the area of ​​the playground is 2 to 4 times the area of ​​the sheep shed. A fixed sink or basin is placed in the middle of the stadium for sheep to drink. There must be a fixed feeder or mobile feeder around or in the middle. The fixed feeder trough is made of cement or brick, the width of the trough is narrower and the trough bottom is rounded, and the mobile trough is made of wood. 2.2 Forage grass fodder is the material basis for fattening sheep. The fattening mutton sheep must feed the grass first, which can be solved in four ways: The first is to fully collect locally produced peanut pods, sweet potato pods, eucalyptus leaves, poplar leaves and other nutritious vines and leaves. The second is silage and micro-storage. If wheat straw and dry corn stalks can be micro-storage. After the harvest of autumn corn, the green straw should be chopped and siled in time. Third, the use of waste, slag byproducts such as vinasse, bean curd residue, powder slag and so on. The fourth is the cultivation of alfalfa, winter grazing 70-rye, grain alfalfa and other high quality pasture. 2.3 Choosing breeders to raise goats should be combined with local production practices to select good varieties adapted to local ecological conditions, high production performance, good product quality, short feeding period, and high economic benefits. There are many varieties of sheep and goats adapted to feed, from the point of view of feeding alone, meat sheep sheep feeding effect is more obvious. Goats are generally selected from the crossbreeds of Boer goats and Saanen dairy goats and local goats. Sheep are selected from Charolais, Dorset, Suffolk, German Merino sheep and small tail sheep or local sheep. Hybrid offspring. 2.4 Selection and grouping of fattening sheep In general, young sheep gain weight faster than old ones and have a good fattening effect. Lambs grow at the fastest rate from 1 to 8 months of age, and they mainly grow muscles. Weaned lambs are used as fattening sheep to produce fat lambs with good meat quality and high profits. Therefore, after the lambs have been identified in the weaning group, lambs that are not suitable for breeding are grouped by sex and body weight and grouped in groups. Adult sheep were eliminated and grouped by age and weight. 2.5 Castration, disinfection, and deworming The common lambs are easy to manage after castration. The meat is delicate and the taste is light. Doing a good job of cleaning and disinfecting the housing and doing well in the health work during the fattening period can effectively prevent the onset of sheep during fattening. It is an important measure to ensure a good fattening effect by repelling the parasites in the body and the body and reducing the impact of parasitic diseases. De-worming drugs are nitroprusside, sulfur dichlorodichlorophenol, albendazole and so on. These medicines can be effectively dewormed by oral administration of 4 mg/kg body weight, 35 to 75 mL, and 2.5 to 3 mg/kg body weight. 2.6 Foot hoof deformities cause inconvenience in walking and affect the intake of food. Especially for grazing sheep, their performance will be seriously affected. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with the hoof repair of the sheep before finishing. 3 The fattening method of fattening has the advantage of being rarely affected by natural conditions. It is possible to produce lamb meat all year round. However, the investment scale is large and the technical level is relatively high. 3.1 Lamb fattening techniques 3.1.1 Preparation before fattening Lambs are weaned at 1.5 months of age, and the first 15 days are supplemented by barriers; or in the morning and evening, the ewes are separated from the lambs and the lambs are provided with sperm. The troughs and drinking fountains are in the circle and the mother and child are still in the rest of the time. Supplemented feeds should be the same as those used for fattening after weaning. The cereal can be broken slightly at the beginning of feeding, and it is advisable to use the entire whole-grain after being accustomed to, and not to be processed into powder. The floor on which the lamb is moving should be dry, rain-proof, well-ventilated, and can be covered with a few beddings. Lamb fattening common infectious diseases include enterotoxemia and hemorrhagic septicemia. Enterotoxemia vaccine can be given to ewes before lambing, or to lambs before weaning. 3.1.2 Formulating diets for fattening Any cereal feed can be used to fatten lambs, but the best ones are high energy feeds such as corn. Practice has proved that the whole grain material is better than the crushing grain feed in fattening. The compound feed has a better effect than the single feed of a certain kind of grain feed. The main performance is high feed conversion rate and less gastro-intestinal disease. Optimal feed formulation: 83% whole corn, 15% soybean cake, 1.4% limestone powder, 0.5% salt, 0.1% vitamins and trace elements. Among them, the amount of vitamins and trace elements added per kilogram of feed is calculated as: vitamins A, D, E are 5000 international units, 1000 international units, 200 milligrams, cobalt sulfate 5 milligrams, potassium iodate 1 milligram. If there is no soybean cake, 18% peanut cake can be used instead, and the proportion of corn is adjusted to 80%. 3.1.3 Feeding Technology Lambs are allowed to eat freely and drink freely. It is best to use self-made simple automatic feeding troughs for feeding feeds to prevent the four hoofs from stepping into the troughs, causing feed pollution and reducing feed intake and spreading coccidiosis and other pathogens. The height of the manger should be increased with the increase of the lamb's age, and it is advisable that the feed in the tank does not accumulate or overflow. If some lambs are found in the foraging area, salt troughs should be added to the sports grounds. Salt and salt should be placed in the troughs to add limestone powder to the lambs for free feeding. Note that at the beginning of the whole lamb corn diet, there are corn grains that spit out of the mouth. With the increase of age, corn grain spit disappears gradually. The early and late stages of the ruminating action of lambs are all normal and do not affect the fattening effect. Under normal conditions, the lamb’s droppings are lumpy and yellow, and there are no corn kernels in the pellet. However, the lamb may appear diarrhea during weather changes or rainy days. Fattening does not change the feed formula throughout the entire period. 3.1.4 The slaughter period for lambs is 50 days. However, the final weight of fattening is related to varieties. The final weight of large-scale lamb lambs at 3 months of age can reach 35 kg or more. According to the research, the final weight of fattening lambs and non-meat breeds is related to the weaning weight at 1.5 months. Generally, the weaning weight is 13 to 15 kilograms, and the fattening weight can reach 30 kilograms or more for 50 days. 3.2 Fast fattening techniques for adult sheep 3.2.1 Choose fattening sheep with large body, healthy and disease-free teeth. The typical diet formula for this type of fattening method is as follows: Formula One: 0.5 kg of grass hay, 4.0 kg of silage corn, and 0.5 kg of crushed grain. The formula diet contained 40.60% of dry matter, 4.12% of crude protein, 0.24% of calcium, 0.11% of phosphorus, and 17.974 MJ of metabolizable energy. Formula II: 1 kilogram of grass hay, 0.5 kilograms of silage corn, 0.7 kg of broken grains. The formula diet contained 84.55% of dry matter, 7.59% of crude protein, 0.6% of calcium, 0.26% of phosphorus, and 14.379 MJ of metabolizable energy. Formula 3: 4 kg of corn silage, 0.5 kg of chopped grains, 10 g of urea and 0.5 kg of straw. The formula diet contained 40.72% of dry matter, crude protein 3.49%, calcium 0.19%, phosphorus 0.09%, metabolizable energy 17.263 MJ. Formula 4: 0.5 kg grass hay, 3 kg corn silage, 0.4 kg broken grain, 0.8 kg succulent feed. The formula diet contained 40.64% of dry matter, 3.83% of crude protein, 0.22% of calcium, 0.1% of phosphorus, and 15.884 megajoules of metabolizable energy. 3.2.2 Granulated feeds may be used for adult sheep or mutton fed meat in areas with feed processing conditions. In pellet feed, straw and hay powder can account for 55% to 60%, fine material 35% to 40%. Two typical diet formulas are now recommended for reference: Formulation 1: 35% grass powder, 44.5% straw, 20% concentrate, 0.5% dicalcium phosphate. This formula contains 86% of dry matter, 7.2% of crude protein, 0.48% of calcium, 0.24% of phosphorus, and 6.897 million joules of metabolic energy per kilogram of feed. Formulation 2: 30% grass powder, 44.5% straw, 25% concentrate, and 0.5% calcium hydrogen phosphate. This formulation contains 86% of dry matter, 7.4% of crude protein, 0.49% of calcium, 0.25% of phosphorus, and 7.106 MJ of metabolic energy per kilogram of feed. In order to improve the efficiency of fattening, natural pastures, straw, leaves, agricultural and sideline products and various wastes should be fully utilized to expand the source of feed. Rational use of urea and various additives. In adult sheep diets, urea is fed in amounts of 2 to 3 grams per 10 kilograms of body weight, and minerals and vitamins may account for 3% of concentrates. 3.2.3 Arrange a reasonable feeding system. The daily feeding amount of adult sheep diets differs depending on the formulation, and is generally 2.5 to 2.7 kg. Feeding twice a day, the daily dose distribution and adjustment are based on the fact that there is no material left in the feed tank. When feed pellets, it is best to use automatic feeding trough feeding, in rainy days should not be fed in the open circle, afternoon should be properly fed some hay, each 0.25 kg, in order to facilitate rumination. 4 Doing a good job in prevention and control of disease prevention We must take prevention as the main factor in housing sheep breeding, and take early measures to prevent disease. We must combine feeding and management with disease prevention and treatment. To do a good job of feeding hygiene and disinfection. Daily feeds and drinking water must be kept clean. Do not feed molds, spoilage, poisonous, and inclusions. Feeding utensils are often kept clean. Sheds and sports grounds should be cleaned regularly and disinfected regularly. We must adhere to self-cultivation and self-cultivation, and we must not purchase goats from other places to prevent the spread of the disease. If it is necessary to introduce them from outside the country, the quarantine system must be strictly introduced. At least 10 to 15 hours after isolation observation, and confirmed by the veterinary inspection before the disease can be grouped. Regular preventive injections require the injection of vaccines such as foot-and-mouth disease, goat pox, and sheep four-prevention vaccines. They should be taken seriously when they are injected. To periodically repel insects, the flocks should be flooded once a year in the spring and fall. After the sheep are bred, the range of activities will be smaller, which will cause the wet and poor environment of the housing, which will often cause the occurrence of parasitic diseases. Therefore, attention should be paid to the environmental sanitation, ventilation and moisture protection of the sheep house, and the parasites such as sheep Disease prevention and treatment. Adhere to health checks, in the daily feeding and management, pay attention to observe each sheep's spirit, appetite, exercise, breathing, feces and other conditions, find abnormalities in a timely manner, if any disease, timely treatment. When an infectious disease or suspected infectious disease occurs, it should be immediately isolated, observed and treated, and emergency measures such as blockade, isolation, and disinfection should be taken in accordance with the epidemic and epidemiological scope. The body should be properly disposed of, buried deeply, or incinerated to cut off pathogens and control epidemic. And extinguish it in time.
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