Increasing the branching angle and improving the permeability conditions The closed apple orchard has one common feature. The main (lateral) branches have a small branch angle, which leads to strong growth, long branches and large branches, and the branches are concentrated on the periphery of the canopy. Only by increasing the branching angle of the main (side) branches and changing the polarity advantages can the curbs continue to be extended to rejuvenate the back and enrich the internal organs. Sparse layers of large branches, strong main branches grow too large branches of the crown, will be crowded with each other, forcing the shoots to grow epitaxially, often resulting in weakening of the latter part of the branches withered, the former part of the strong wang. Therefore, the larger secondary branches and temporary branches that are retained in the past, especially the branch that affects the growth of the main tree, must be resolutely removed to ensure that the crown is airy and transparent, and the branches at the back of the main branch can be rejuvenated. Compression of branches, reducing the number of branches The main branches of sparsely layered fruit trees are originally provided with lateral branches. When they need to be transformed into spindle trees, they must be discontinued, compressed step by step, and the number of branches reduced. The original lateral branches should be removed or replaced with large-scale branches, and the large-scale branches and branches should also be degraded. When they are too crowded, they must be removed. Shortening the length of the stem branches and controlling the long growth of the crown branches of the crown can easily lead to serious confinement of the orchard and intersecting branches. In the process of transformation, it is important to gradually reduce its length. Compression methods can be roughly divided into two types: First, for branches that are stretched too long and have moderate growth, one branch can be selected as the lead branch at the rear, and the first branch can be retracted in place; Branches that are ideally branched can be retracted in place in the second year after they have been promoted by sparse prophylaxis, or have been circumcised with precolumn priming and promoted before sparse protraction. Should avoid shrinkage in the shooter year after year, so as to avoid excessive branching of the anterior branches, and weak branching of the posterior branches. Scaling and combination, stabilizing tree shape transformation will inevitably require the retraction of the backbone branches, including some of the larger auxiliary branches also have to be retracted accordingly. The pruning response caused by the retraction will cause local irritation. In the coming year, some vigorous branches will be drawn near the swarf cut, and some perennial branches will also become prosperous, thus breaking the balance of the tree. Therefore, in the transformation of the tree, it is necessary to pay attention to scaling and combination, and in particular to oppose the one-time step-by-step retraction. In general, after a large branch is retracted, the branches on it cannot be retracted. Instead, the main branch must be slow, the combination must be relaxed, and the stability of the branch should be maintained as much as possible. Strengthen the base and control the height of the crown. Under normal circumstances, the confinement phenomenon often occurs in the Qiaohua plantation orchard. How to make the tree become shorter and smaller, in the tree design to use artificial control means: First, open the branching angle, weaken the growth of the polarity of the branches, control the crown; Second, set the "adjoining" state of the base part of the branch , use the "card neck" role to control the height of the tree to avoid strong. Therefore, consciously leaving more main branches at the base and forming a hierarchy is an effective way to strengthen the base, suppress the upper part, ease growth, and reduce the crown. In order to achieve a three-dimensional result, the cultivation of strong and dry stems is contrary to Qiao's tree. Dwarf trees and short branch trees are very prone to weak stems. The poor support of the center's leaders has led to early results, but it has failed to achieve the effect of high yields. In the transformation of the tree, to solve such problems we must avoid the formation of excessive branches in the stem, especially the base can not appear neck phenomenon. The pruning measures are: sparsely cutting adjacent branches, diverging branching branches, weakening or eliminating large branches of competing forces as early as possible, and supporting strong growth of dry trunks. With slowness as the main factor, we must keep in mind the principle of pruning, which is mainly based on easing, in the transformation of uniaxially-extending trees. Only moderate release can slow down the trend, and the results can be achieved through the easing of momentum and the crown can be controlled. The uniaxial extension is to control the growth of its branches. In particular, the apex branches can neither be large nor large. It is necessary to always maintain the axis of the branches undisturbed and maintain the single-head elongation. With such branches, the growth tends to remain stable and conducive to the balanced growth of the front and rear. The uniaxial extension of the pruning should pay attention to three principles: First, do not short cut, the second is to remove large branches in time, the third is to put a single shoot.