Dianthus caryophyllus, also known as Carnation, is a carnation of the family Dianthus. The flowers are tender and colorful, and the single flower has a long blooming period. It is an important cut flower plant of the present day. Carnation is native to southern Europe, the north coast of the Mediterranean, and France to Greece. It is widely cultivated around the world and its major producing areas are Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Israel, Colombia, and the United States. With the commercial production of carnations, there have been many companies specialized in breeding and breeding. These companies have their own advantages in the type of varieties, each year can introduce a certain number of new varieties in order to enhance market competitiveness, but also to the continued development of carnation flowers into a stronger vitality. China's carnation breeding work started relatively late. Most of the varieties popular in the domestic market are imported foreign varieties. After years of breeding and research and development, Shanghai Flower and Breeding Center has cultivated several carnation varieties with independent intellectual property rights. The author combined his own practical experience, now the most common and most effective method of breeding new varieties of carnations - cross-breeding methods are described below. Breeders must understand the carnation's habits, classification, breeding objectives, and development before breeding. Classification of Carnations There are various classification criteria for the classification of carnations, which can be divided into potted flowers (flower beds) and carnations and cut flowers. The former was popular only 150 years ago and currently there are only a few species, but there is a growing trend; the latter is currently the main cultivated and applied variety. According to the way of flowering (inflorescence), carnations can be divided into carnations or carnations (Standard carnation) and polycarnations (flowers, flowers). The former retains a single flower; the latter has more branches and more flowers. According to the flower stem size can be divided into large flowers (8-9cm), flowers (5-8cm), small flowers (4-6cm) and miniature flowers (2.5-3cm) four categories. According to suit color: Pure color carnation (Clove), petal without variegated, mainly white, pink, rose red, red, dark red to purple, milky yellow to yellow, orange and other colors; different color carnation (Bizarre) in a There are more than two different colors on the background, and spots or marks are scattered directly from the petal base to the edges; two-color carnation (Flake) has only one kind of different color spread from the petal base to the edge on a background; (Picotee), the edge of the petal is very narrowly colored and the rest is solid. According to their origins, there are two main categories, the Sim and the Mediterranean. In addition to the ornamental traits, the target of breeding for carnation is horticultural traits. Appearance traits require a clear color, the outer petals do not sag, no pistil, there is aroma, the petals are fully open and can flower at the same time; scapes are not easy to fall off, the flowers are persistent; peduncles are straight, stalks are hard, flexible, not easily broken; the leaves are larger, Adhesive wax layer, not curled, not dry; flowering branches, axillary buds germination node is low, secondary flowers early; roots strong. From the aspect of ecological breeding, the carnation breeding in Europe aims to grow and flower under low light in winter. In Japan, the heat-resistance varieties with no reduction in growth quality under high temperature in summer are the main products, while in China, both are needed. From the perspective of disease-resistant breeding, the bacterial wilt caused by Fusarium in Europe is a serious hazard, while in Japan, the bacterial blight caused by Pseudomonas is a problem. Leaf spot caused by genus (Altemaria) is more common and serious. Disease-resistant breeding has become an important goal for carnation breeding. In addition, heat resistance, early maturity, and high yield are also important goals in the research of carnation breeding. Cross-breeding technology pollen is an important condition for the selection of the male parent. Carnation is a double-flowered flower, which is formed by the stamens. The pollen is not easily collected. The pistil of most varieties is normal. The existing species can be used for cross-breeding with disease-resistant Dianthus species. Cross-breeding requires years and months, and it is necessary to cooperate with each other. The main operation flow of crossbreeding is as follows: parental selection → mating → seed collection → seedling → flowering selection → vegetative propagation (cutting and cutting) Basic hybridization techniques: 1. Usually the female parent carefully removes the petals and stamens when the petal is decolored, and then puts on the paper bag. To eliminate foreign pollen pollution. 2. In the air-drying, the temperature of 18 °C -25 °C September - November and March - April 10:00 -14:00 suitable for pollination. The appropriate period of pistil pollination is in the middle and late stages of flowering. It is pollinated when the stigma is bifurcated, shiny, and mucous; the stamens are 4-5 times better. The amount of pollination is more effective, and repeated pollination can be used. 3. After each flower is pollinated, the pollination tool (scorpion or brush) must be sterilized with 75% alcohol; in time, it should be bagged and tagged with the name of the parental cross combination, the date of hybridization, etc. 4. Generally after 10 days of hybridization, the bag can be removed to facilitate the growth and development of the ovary. For the hybrid plants, the management of fertilizer and water and the control of diseases and pests must be strengthened. In particular, the application of potassium and boron fertilizers is beneficial to the maturity of the seeds. Usually after 40-50 days, the top of the enlarged ovary is browned from green, indicating that the seeds are mature and harvested in time. The harvested seeds are stored separately in combination with the signboards to prevent mixing, and the seeds are stored in a dry dish. 5. The treated seeds are sown in the greenhouse and can be sown on flower pots or seedling trays at room temperature of 20°C-25°C. When seedlings grow 2-3 pairs of true leaves, the seedlings are transferred once. After the seedlings are transplanted, the leaves are sprayed with nutrient solution once a week. When the seedlings grow to 8-10 cm in length, they can be planted on the cultivation bed. 6. Plant treatment: Fine management of plantlets after planting, not topping, leaving 4-5 lateral buds at the base, allowing the top buds to flower first, continue self-crossing or backcrossing for useful crosses, use stability, and use clonal propagation to expand production. Seedlings. It is advisable to remove the individuals that are poorly growing and not prosperous in the seedlings. Due to the heterozygosity of the genetic composition of carnation, different offspring individuals are obtained. When flowering, the first selection was made. Cuttings were selected for fine individuals with good flower color and flower shape, and then they were selected (this was the selection of clones). Finally, new varieties with excellent comprehensive indicators were obtained, and production of tissue culture was promoted.
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