Buck reproductive organs include the testis, epididymis, vas deferens, urogenital tract, spermatic cord, accessory glands, penis, foreskin, and testicle sac. The stag testes are 2, cm long, 2 cm wide, 1 cm thick, and weigh about 2% g. They are long ellipses forming organs and are located within the scrotum. The testicle head is adjacent to the head of the epididymis, and the testicle tail is downward. The posterior edge and the epididymal body are called the epididymis margin. The leading edge is called the free edge. Testes produce sperm-secreting hormones. The male deer's epididymis is located in the scrotum and is adjacent to the testis epididymis and is divided into epididymis head, epididymal body and epididymal tail. The head of the epididymis is located on the upper part of the testicle and on the free edge of the testis in 3 parts, 1 cm wide. The sperm in the testis and epididymal heads have poor viability, poor ability to fertilize or poor fertility, and short survival time. The narrow body of the epididymis, 5 cm wide, extends along the testicular epididymis and is connected to the testis by the serosal ligament. The body of the epididymis is very long. Through the syneresis of the spermatozoa, the spermatozoa acquire a layer of protective protein outer membrane and mature. Epididymal tail width of 3 cm, epididymal tail down from the epididymal ligament and testicular tail connected to the epididymis ligament from the epididymis tail extends to the total sheath, the formation of the scrotum. Epididymidal tail spermatozoa have stronger motility and resistance, and the energy is much stronger than epididymal sperm. The epididymis is where sperm are stored, which is stored near the tail of the epididymis. The scrotum is located between the two strands, in front of the pubic bone, with the testis, epididymis and part of the spermatic cord. The outer layer of the scrotum is a thin skin, and the middle layer is a meat film formed of elastic fibers and smooth muscles. The meat film is divided into two halves that are indistinguishable from each other in the testis capsule. The total sheath is in the innermost layer of the scrotum, and the inherent membrane is wrapped on the surface of the testis, epididymis and part of the spermatic cord. The scrotum relaxes on hot days and shrinks on cold days. It is a temperature-regulating organ that maintains normal sperm production. The vas deferens from the epididymal duct. It is 1 cm long and 2 cm in diameter. It runs up the epididymis to the head of the epididymis, enters the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal, turns into the pelvic cavity, and finally opens into the urethra. The urogenital tract is a direct continuation of the bladder neck in the back of the rectum, in the bone cavity in the ventral rectum, out of the pelvic cavity after the bow from the bone, before the sharp turn, in the penis ventral forward line, and finally open in the penis head, The tip protrudes from the penis as a urethral process. There are three pairs of accessory gonads, the seminal vesicle, the prostate, and the urethral gland. When they ejaculate, their secretions, together with the ampulla ampulla secretions, are called spermatozoids, which together with sperm form semen. The seminal vesicle secretes a milky white viscous liquid, which can provide the energy required for sperm metabolism, stimulate sperm movement, and has a buffering effect. The prostate is 3 cm long and 2 cm wide. It secretes thin, light white liquid and is weakly alkaline. It can regulate reproductive value and clear sperm. Metabolism produced by metabolism, inducing sperm; urethral gland is located in the dorsal side of the pelvic urogenital pelvis, spherical. The breeding season is as large as red beans, and the non-breeding season is as small as small grains. The cord is located in the testicle sac and the inguinal canal. The spermatic cord is 2 cm at its widest point, and the thickest part is -cm. There are arteries, veins, nerves and vas deferens. The penis is an organ with a dual role of mating and urination. It is a cylinder that is slightly flat on both sides, 5 cm, and 2 cm thick. The surface has an albuginea and the inside is mainly composed of fibrous tissue and a sponge. The foreskin is a fold of skin developed from the depression of the skin. It is 1/50 cm long. It starts at the posterior abdominal wall of the scrotum and extends forward along both sides of the penis. It ends at the head of the penis. When it is not erected, the head of the penis lies within the foreskin cavity. . China Agricultural Network Editor
Medicine Peptides
Medicine Peptides and protein drugs are emerging. There are now 35 important therapeutics on the market, and the development of biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies is becoming increasingly global. Biotechnology drug research focuses on the application of DNA recombinant technology to develop peptides, proteins, enzymes, hormones, vaccines, cell growth factors and monoclonal antibodies that can be used in clinical applications. According to Parexl's Pharmaceutical R&D Statistical Source Book, there are currently 723 biotech drugs under FDA review (including phase â…° to iii clinical and FDA evaluation), 700 drugs are in early stage (research and preclinical). More than 200 additional drugs are in the final stage of approval (Phase iii clinical and FDA evaluation). The basic dosage form of biotech drugs is lyophilized. Although the efficacy of conventional preparations has long been clinically proven, they need to be injected frequently for a long time due to their short half-life, which is difficult to accept from the perspective of psychological and economic burden on patients. To this end, scholars around the world mainly from two aspects to study and develop convenient and reasonable drug delivery approaches and new preparations: (1) embedment agent and sustained-release injection. â‘¡ Non-injectable dosage forms, such as respiratory inhalation, rectal administration, nasal administration, oral administration and transdermal administration, etc. Injectable preparations of sustained-release biotechnological drugs are new dosage forms with promising applications. Some of them, such as microsphere injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues which can be sustained-release for 1 to 3 months, have been on the market. This paper focuses on this kind of preparations.Main types of peptides and protein drug sustained-release preparations The research and development of peptides and protein drug sustained-release preparations can be divided into two types, namely, embedment agent and microsphere injection, from the perspective of development process and dosage form. The shape of the implant is a hollow micro-fine rod, one end is closed, the other end is open, and the rod material is non-biodegradable polymer such as ptfe. The lumen was filled with a mixture of drugs and silica gel (silastic, polydimethylsiloxane). The implant is embedded under the skin, and the drug is released slowly through the opening of silica gel matrix. The American Physicians' Handbook (PDR) contains a product called Norplant? Levo-18 ethyl norethinnes, used in family planning. The preparation, each with a diameter of 2.4 mm and a length of 34 mm, is surgically implanted in the inner side of the patient's upper arm with 6 thin rods. The drug can be released in the body in zero-grade mode for up to 5 years, and then removed by surgery after release,1.1.2 Micro-osmotic pump embedding agent The United States Alza company in the 1970s developed an embedding agent shaped like a capsule, which is embedded in the skin or other parts. The body fluid can penetrate through the shell, dissolve the interlayer electrolytic layer, make the volume expansion of the interlayer pressure to the plastic inner cavity, and promote the drug solution from the opening of the fixed speed release. Many biomolecular drugs, such as insulin, heparin and nerve growth factor, have been reported as model drugs in vivo and in vitro. Implants have positive significance for the treatment of chronic patients who need long-term medication, but it has the following defects: â‘ must be surgically implanted. â‘¡ The skeleton material of the preparation is non-biodegradable polymer, which needs to be removed by surgery after release. â‘¢ The preparation has irritation and discomfort in local tissues. Evaluation methods for polypeptide protein drugs: 1. Liquid chromatography 2. Spectroscopic 3. Solvent-based versions are easy to use, but need to be kept at low temperatures (2-8 degrees Celsius).
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